<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2078-7170</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[CorSalud]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[CorSalud]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2078-7170</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cardiocentro Ernesto Che Guevara]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2078-71702020000400415</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El nodo sinusal normal: Lo que ahora sabemos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The normal sinus node: What we know now]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carmona Puerta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raimundo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzo Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario Cardiocentro Ernesto Guevara Servicio de Electrofisiología y Arritmología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Villa Clara]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara Departamento de Fisiología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Villa Clara]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>415</fpage>
<lpage>424</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2078-71702020000400415&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2078-71702020000400415&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2078-71702020000400415&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El nodo sinusal constituye el marcapasos fisiológico del corazón. Diferentes estados fisiopatológicos conducen a una reducción de su función, lo que es llamado en la clínica, disfunción sinusal. Sin embargo, para la mejor comprensión de su estado de enfermedad se requiere dilucidar cómo opera en condiciones normales. Las nuevas evidencias señalan que el automatismo del nodo sinusal se produce por la interacción del reloj de membrana y el reloj de calcio, lo que le confiere un fuerte carácter que lo protege contra fallas de funcionamiento. Se presentan las evidencias actuales sobre la sincronía celular dentro del nodo sinusal, así como la forma de propagación eléctrica y el acoplamiento fuente-sumidero. Además, se describen recientes hallazgos anatómicos e histológicos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The sinus node is the physiological pacemaker of the heart. Different pathophysiological conditions lead to a reduction of its function, which is clinically called sinus dysfunction. However, for a better understanding of its disease state, it is necessary to elucidate how it works under normal conditions. New evidences indicate that the automatism of the sinus node is produced by the interaction of the membrane clock and the calcium clock, which gives it a strong character that protects it against malfunctions. Current evidences on cell synchrony within the sinus node are presented, as well as the form of electrical propagation and the source-sink coupling. In addition, recent anatomical and histological findings are described.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Células marcapasos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Electrofisiología cardíaca]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Irrigación sanguínea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nodo sinusal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Relojes biológicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pacemaker cells]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cardiac electrophysiology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Blood supply]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sinus node]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biological clocks]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharpe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Proenza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cardiac pacemaker activity and aging]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annu Rev Physiol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<page-range>21-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Quintana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anatomy and pathology of the sinus node]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Interv Card Electrophysiol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costanzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Physiology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<edition>6</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boulpaep]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Medical physiology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sebastian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruíz-Sauri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Morphometry and comparative histology of sinus and atrioventricular nodes in humans and pigs and their relevance in the prevention of nodal arrhythmias]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Res Vet Sci]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<page-range>275-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nooma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwanaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tabira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watanabe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tubbs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A novel method with which to visualize the human sinuatrial node Application for a better understanding of the gross anatomy of this part of the conduction system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Anat]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>232-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Latarjet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anatomía humana]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Médica Panamericana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niculescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ionescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vlad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rusu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Considerations on the sinus node microangioarchitecture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rom J Morphol Embryol]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>59-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DiDio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buffolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anatomical and clinical aspects of the blood supply of the sinoatrial node]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>47-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Issa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zipes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical arrhythmology and electrophysiology: A companion to Braunwald&amp;apos;s heart disease]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pauza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rysevaite-Kyguoliene]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pauziene]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Innervation of the sinoatrial node]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zipes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jalife]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stevenson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cardiac electrophysiology: From cell to bedside]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<edition>7</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirkman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Initiation and regulation of the heartbeat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anaesth Intens Care Med]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>377-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts-Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sinus node revisited]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Cardiol]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>55-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ballesteros-Acuña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruíz-Sauri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Histological and morphometric study of the components of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes in horses and dogs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Res Veter Sci]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<page-range>22-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monfredi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsutsui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ziman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lakatta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maltsev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electrophysiological heterogeneity of pacemaker cells in the rabbit intercaval region, including the SA node insights from recording multiple ion currents in each cell]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>314</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>H403-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mitrofanova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gorshkov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Konovalov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krylova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Telocytes in the human sinoatrial node]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Cell Mol Med]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>521-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choudhury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biology of the sinus node and its disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>28-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howlett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Differences in cardiovascular aging in men and women.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kerkhof]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PLM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sex-specific analysis of cardiovascular function]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>389-411</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Switzerland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer, Cham]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pomerance]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quantitative study of ageing changes in the human sinoatrial node and internodal tracts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br Heart J]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>150-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glukhov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Functional microdomains in heart's pacemaker: A step beyond classical electrophysiology and remodeling]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Physiol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>1686</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Csepe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dobrzynski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RSD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kilic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Molecular mapping of sinoatrial node HCN channel expression in the human heart]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1219-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacKinnon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Structures of the human HCN1 hyperpolarization-activated channel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>168</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>111-20.e11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robertson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[It&amp;apos;s not funny How changes in If limit maximum heart rate with aging]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Gen Physiol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>149</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>177-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kozasa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakashima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishikawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kimoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ushijima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[HCN4 pacemaker channels attenuate the parasympathetic response and stabilize the spontaneous firing of the sinoatrial node]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Physiol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>596</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>809-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DiFrancesco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A brief history of pacemaking]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Physiol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>1599</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Timofeyev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dennis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bektik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laurita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A singular role of IK1 promoting the development of cardiac automaticity during cardiomyocyte differentiation by IK1-induced activation of pacemaker current]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Stem Cell Rev Rep]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>631-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Kir2 inward rectification-controlled precise and dynamic balances between Kir2 and HCN currents initiate pacemaking activity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FASEB J]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>3047-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[James]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hancox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cardiac background sodium current Elusive but important]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Channels]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carmeliet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pacemaking in cardiac tissue. From IK2 to a coupled-clock system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Physiol Rep]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kohajda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tóth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szlovák]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loewe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bitay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gazdag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Novel Na+/Ca2+ exchanger inhibitor ORM-10962 supports coupled function of funny-current and Na+/ Ca2+ exchanger in pacemaking of rabbit sinus node tissue]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Pharmacol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>1632</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hazan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lotteau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torrente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Philipson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Na/Ca exchange in the atrium: Role in sinoatrial node pacemaking and excitation-contraction coupling]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell Calcium]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<page-range>102167</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christien Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laxton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fiona Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome Electrophysiological mechanisms and future therapeutic approaches (Review)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intern J Mol Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>519-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mezzano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lyon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pfeiffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desmosomal junctions are necessary for adult sinus node function]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cardiovasc Res]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>274-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maltsev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monfredi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maltseva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wirth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Florio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Heterogeneity of calcium clock functions in dormant, dysrhythmically and rhythmically firing single pacemaker cells isolated from SA node]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell Calcium]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>168-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsutsui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monfredi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sirenko-Tagirova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maltseva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bychkov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A coupled-clock system drives the automaticity of human sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Signal]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>534</numero>
<issue>534</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Csepe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fedorov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mechanisms of normal and dysfunctional sinoatrial nodal excitability and propagation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zipes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jalife]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stevenson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cardiac electrophysiology: From cell to bedside]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<edition>7</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalyanasundaram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fedorov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Canine and human sinoatrial node differences and similarities in the structure, function, molecular profiles, and arrhythmia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Veter Cardiol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>2-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bressan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Louie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christodoulou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dynamic cellular integration drives functional assembly of the heart&amp;apos;s pacemaker complex]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell Rep]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>2283-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Csepe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ignozzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Redundant and diverse intranodal pacemakers and conduction pathways protect the human sinoatrial node from failure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Transl Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>400</numero>
<issue>400</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
