<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2218-3620</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Universidad y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Universidad y Sociedad]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2218-3620</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial "Universo Sur"]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2218-36202021000400170</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La formación doctoral: estudio comparativo entre Europa y América]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Doctoral training: comparative study between Europe and America]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza Otero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jency Niurka]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rizo Rabelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noemí]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrán Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Haens]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Concepción Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo René]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Cienfuegos &#8220;Carlos Rafael Rodríguez&#8221;  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>170</fpage>
<lpage>182</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2218-36202021000400170&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2218-36202021000400170&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2218-36202021000400170&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La transformación de la formación doctoral en un interés económico y social de las naciones, junto a otros factores, ha determinado que se implementen cambios en todos sus aspectos. El método comparado permite la determinación, de tendencias en la formación doctoral en Europa y América. El estudio asume Europa y América como espacios de comparación. El objetivo del artículo es analizar las principales transformaciones que se producen en materia de formación doctoral en Europa y América. Se seleccionaron 10 unidades de análisis a saber: Estructura institucional, Duración de la formación doctoral, Tutoría, Abandono, Movilidad, Tipos de doctorado, Estudiantes, Financiamiento, Empleabilidad y Aseguramiento de la calidad. Los principales hallazgos se relacionan con las diferentes formas institucionalización, así como de nuevas tipologías de doctorados. El abandono emergió como la tendencia más estable en la comparación, para lo cual se implementan estrategias para potenciar la disminución de sus factores desencadenantes. La duración del programa, el financiamiento, la movilidad y la tutoría son las causas de éxodo analizadas. La empleabilidad y el aseguramiento de la calidad surgieron en indicadores necesarios a la hora de integrar las restantes unidades de análisis.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The transformation of doctoral training in an economic and social interest of nations, along with other factors, has determined that changes are implemented in all its aspects. The comparative method allows the determination of trends in doctoral training in Europe and America. The study assumes Europe and America as spaces for comparison. The objective of the article is to analyze the main transformations that occur in the field of doctoral training in Europe and America. 10 units of analysis were selected, namely: Institutional structure, Duration of doctoral training, Tutoring, Abandonment, Mobility, Types of doctorates, Students, Financing, Employability and Quality assurance. The main findings are related to the different forms of institutionalization, as well as to new types of doctorates. Dropout emerged as the most stable trend in the comparison, for which strategies are implemented to enhance the reduction of its triggers. The duration of the program, financing, mobility and mentoring are the causes of exodus analyzed. Employability and quality assurance emerged as necessary indicators when integrating the remaining units of analysis.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Formación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Grado de Doctor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Análisis comparativo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Europa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tendencia educacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Training]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Doctoral degrees]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Comparative analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Europe]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Educational trends]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvajal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reguero De la Poza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Migración en saberes. Tendiendo puentes entre España y América Latina: Hacia la resignificación de la supervisión doctoral]]></article-title>
<collab>Colectivo de Autores</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Migraciones, rasgaduras humanas]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>71-115</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Universitat Rovira i Virgili- Universidad de Manizales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doonan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Branduardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrissey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Innovative training networks: overview of the Marie Sklodowska-Curie PhD training model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FEMS Microbiology Letters]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>365</volume>
<numero>19</numero>
<issue>19</issue>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>España. Ministerio de Educación</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Real Decreto 99/2011 consolidado, BOE-A-2011-2541 17]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>European University Association</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Salzburg II recommendations]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European University Association]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Fastuca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pedagogía de la formación doctoral]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<edition>1</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UAI editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Germain-Alamartine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moghadam-Saman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aligning doctoral education with local industrial employers&#8217; needs: a comparative case study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Planning Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>234-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hasgall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saenen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borrell Damian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Deynze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seeber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huisman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doctoral education in Europe today: approaches and institutional structures]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European University Association]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto Internacional de la UNESCO para la Educación Superior en América Latina y el Caribe</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La movilidad en la educación superior en América Latina y el Caribe: retos y oportunidades de un Convenio renovado para el reconocimiento de estudios, títulos y diplomas]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IESALC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los nuevos estudios de doctorado en España: avances y retos para su convergencia con Europa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Iberoamericana de Educación Superior]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<page-range>123-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Øverby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garred]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enoksen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Team supervision of doctoral students: A qualitative inquiry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Doctoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>69-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crises in a doctoral research project: a comparative study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Doctoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>211-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kehm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Doctoral education in Europe and North America: a comparative analysis]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Portland Press Ltd.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lasso Cardona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis de la formación posgradual a nivel de Maestría y Doctorado en Colombia entre 2010 y 2018]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista ESPACIOS]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>48</numero>
<issue>48</issue>
<page-range>161-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McBrayer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tolman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fallon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Doctoral candidacy examination scores and time to degree completion.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Doctoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>181-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nesterowicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radicev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fereshtehnejad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.-M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peacock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nemeslaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[PhD Education Challenges - Doctoral Candidates&#8217; Perspectives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Scientific Journal]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>54-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Education at a Glance 2020: OECD Indicators]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OECD Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oviedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las políticas públicas de formación doctoral y su impacto en el sistema nacional de ciencia, Tecnología e innovación. Una lectura comparativa de Argentina y Brasil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas - UNNE]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>53-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rizzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From PhD to job market: Transforming doctoral training with the SAF21 model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eurodoc]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>5-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saborido Loidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Universidad, investigación, innovación y formación doctoral para el desarrollo en Cuba]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Educación Superior]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>4-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wickramasinghe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The new age of the PhD: Transforming the PhD from a product to a process]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Life Sciences]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
