<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2218-3620</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Universidad y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Universidad y Sociedad]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2218-3620</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial "Universo Sur"]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2218-36202023000500304</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Eficiencia energética del Biogas CH4 producido con desechos de cosechas cacaoteras en el cantón la Maná como una alternativa de energía renovable]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Energy efficiency of Biogas CH4 produced from crop residues in the canton of la Maná as a renewable energy alternative]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vásquez Carrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paco Jovanni]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hidalgo Osorio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William Armando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa Cunuhay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kleber Augusto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velasteguí López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Efraín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi extensión La Maná  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo (UTB)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Babahoyo]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>304</fpage>
<lpage>314</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2218-36202023000500304&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2218-36202023000500304&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2218-36202023000500304&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El biogás es una importante fuente de energía renovable que contribuye a reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles y ofrece soluciones sostenibles para la gestión de residuos orgánicos. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios y aplicaciones de las tecnologías para desarrollar la digestión anaerobia en zonas productoras de cacao en la provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia energética del biogás obtenido a partir de la digestión anaerobia de la cáscara de cacao, mediante la evaluación de los parámetros físico-químicos del proceso y del contenido de metano (CH4) en el producto final. El biogás producido reveló características similares a otros estudios reportados en la literatura, con una razón de 39,5 L biogás kg-1 de residuos orgánicos y una concentración promedio de metano en el biogás de 58,77%. La producción equivalente de CH4, de 23,21L CH4 kg-1 de residuos orgánicos. Los cálculos de energía equivalente mostraron que el biogás producido anualmente puede sustituir 131 cilindros de GLP o 25,67 MWh de energía eléctrica. Estos resultados indican la viabilidad del uso de residuos de cosechas de cacao, como sustrato para la producción de biogás en las zonas de cultivo y como alternativa para la correcta gestión de los residuos orgánicos generados por estas actividades agrícolas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Biogas is an important renewable energy source that contributes to reducing dependence on fossil fuels and offers sustainable on fossil fuels and offers sustainable solutions for organic waste management. organic waste management. However, there are few studies and applications of anaerobic digestion anaerobic digestion in cocoa-producing areas in the province of Cotopaxi. in the province of Cotopaxi, Ecuador. The objective of this research is to the energy efficiency of the biogas obtained from the anaerobic digestion of cocoa anaerobic digestion of cocoa shells, by evaluating the physicochemical parameters of the process. the physicochemical parameters of the process and the methane (CH4) content in the final product. content in the final product. The biogas produced revealed similar characteristics to other studies reported in the literature, with a ratio of 39.5 L biogas kg-1 of organic waste and an average methane concentration in the biogas of 58.77%. 58,77%. The equivalent CH4 production of 23.21L CH4 kg-1 of organic waste. Equivalent energy calculations showed that the biogas produced annually calculations showed that the biogas produced annually can replace 131 cylinders of LPG cylinders or 25.67 MWh of electrical energy. These results indicate the feasibility of These results indicate the feasibility of using cocoa crop residues as a substrate for biogas production in the growing areas. biogas production in the cultivation areas and as an alternative for the proper management of organic waste organic waste generated by these agricultural activities.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Energía renovable]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Digestión anaerobia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Biogás]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Residuos orgánicos urbanos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Renewable energy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anaerobic digestion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biogas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Urban organic waste]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duh Kang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabaey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Vrieze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cow manure stabilizes anaerobic digestion of cocoa waste]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Waste Management]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<page-range>508-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adedoyin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olaniran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bekun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Energy consumption, economic policy uncertainty and carbon emissions; causality evidence from resource rich economies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Analysis and Policy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>179-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klobodu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.K.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Apio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Renewable and non-renewable energy, regime type and economic growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renew. Energy]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<page-range>755-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agyeman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and dairy manure: Effects of food waste particle size and organic loading rate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of environmental management]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>133</volume>
<page-range>268-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreño Vesga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pretratamiento de Biomasa Lignocelulósica de los Desechos Agrícolas del Cacao Para la]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>3685-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[dos Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 25thEuropean Biomass Conference and Exhibition]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>902-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wastewater Treatment, Reused and Recycling-A Potential Source of Water Supply]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falconer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haltas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forbes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdel-Aal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panayotov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Digestion of Food Waste: Eliciting sustainable water-energy-food nexus practices with Agent Based Modelling and visual analytics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Cleaner Production]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>255</volume>
<page-range>120060</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic policy uncertainty and renewable energy innovation: international evidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Innovation and Green Development]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>100010</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grima-Olmedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcalde-Cartagena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Energetic performance of landfill and digester biogas in a domestic cooker]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Energy]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>134</volume>
<page-range>301-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burbano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cipriano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Actividad 1: Línea base y demanda potencial técnica de biodigestores en Ecuador: Análisis del contexto y tipologías de productores]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuczman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gueri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.V.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Souza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.N.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Food waste anaerobic digestion of a popular restaurant in Southern Brazil.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clean Prod]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>196</volume>
<page-range>382-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samadder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Performance evaluation of anaerobic digestion technology for energy recovery from organic fraction of municipal solid waste: A review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Energy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>197</volume>
<page-range>117253</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lusiana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sasongko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuntjoro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fakhruddin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Widrian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siregar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vidura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biogas efficiency from cow dung waste in strengthening energy security during the covid-19 pandemic through a dynamic modeling system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>926</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>012085</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[IOP Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales-Polo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cledera-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moratilla Soria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biogas production from vegetable and fruit markets waste-Compositional and batch characterizations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainability]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>23</numero>
<issue>23</issue>
<page-range>6790</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pino Peralta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Libro Cacao]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Holguín]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prandi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faccini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambertini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bencivenni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jorba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Droogenbroek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sforza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Food wastes from agrifood industry as possible sources of proteins: A detailed molecular view on the composition of the nitrogen fraction, amino acid profile and racemisation degree of 39 food waste streams]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Food chemistry]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>286</volume>
<page-range>567-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
