<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2221-2450</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista CENIC Ciencias Biológicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. CENIC Cienc. Biol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2221-2450</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2221-24502021000200218</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[FREDERICK CRACE-CALVERT Vegetable chemistry, putrefaction, and phenol]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisniak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Department of Chemical Engineering ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Beer-Sheva]]></addr-line>
<country>Israel</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>218</fpage>
<lpage>233</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2221-24502021000200218&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2221-24502021000200218&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2221-24502021000200218&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Frederick Crace-Calvert (1819-1873), an English chemist, carried extensive research on the on a wide variety of subjects (inorganic, organic, and biochemistry, materials science, coal chemistry, manufacture of steel, etc. He developed a novel method for separating the quinine and cinchonine in very high yield from quinidine, based on using a dilute solution of sodium chloride, instead of a mixture of calcium chloride and HCl. Together with Ferrand he studied the phenomenon of photosynthesis based on the analysis of the air contained in the hermetic seedpods of Colutea arborescens. Their results indicated that vegetables decomposed CO2 under the influence of diffuse and sunlight, that the decomposition of this gas was proportional to the intensity of the light and its duration, that the CO2 that disappeared was completely decomposed into carbon and oxygen, and that the absorption of the gas was proportional to the force of vegetation. His study of the phenomenon of putrefaction indicated that a new volatile alkaloid was released and that the elements N, S, and P were not eliminated as such but as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. He also found that the germs of fermentation and infection could be dispersed from their source by a current of atmospheric air and could be eliminated only under the action of strong disinfecting agents such as phenol and cresylic acid. He also studied the effect of different agents, such as heat, on microorganisms, under different conditions (dried before or after the action of heat). Crace-Calvert, single-handed, may be considered the scientist that led to establish phenol as an excellent disinfecting agent in therapeutic uses and as a chemical source of additional valuable chemicals. He also studied the adulteration of important commodities, such as tobacco and oils.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Frederick Crace-Calvert (1819-1873), un químico inglés English chemist, que llevo a cabo una variedad de investigaciones en química inorgánica, orgánica, bioquímica, ciencias de los materiales, química del carbón, fabricación de acero, etc. Desarrolló un nuevo método para separar la quinina y la cinconina en alto rendimiento de la quinidina basado en el uso de una solución diluida de NaCl en vez de una mezcla de cloruro de calcio y HCl. Junto con Ferrand estudió el fenómeno de fotosíntesis basándose en el análisis del sire contenido en las vainas herméticas de Colutea arborescens. Sus resultados indicaron que los vegetales descomponían el CO2 bajo la influencia de la luz difusa y la luz solar, que esta descomposición era proporcional a la intensidad de la luz y su duración y que el CO2 que desaparecía era descompuesto totalmente en carbón y oxígeno, y que la absorción del gas era proporcional a la fuerza vegetativa. se estudio del fenómeno de putrefacción señalo que un nuevo alcaloide volátil era liberado y que los elementos N, S, y P no eran eliminados como tales sino como amoníaco y sulfuro de hidrógeno También encontró que los gérmenes de la fermentación y la infección podían ser dispersados de su fuente por una corriente de aire atmosférico y que podían ser eliminados solo bajo la acción de desinfectantes fuertes como el fenol y el ácido cresílico. También estudió el efecto de diferentes medios, como el calor, sobre los microorganismos bajo condiciones diferentes (secados antes o después de la acción del calor) Crace-Calvert, por si solo, puede ser considerado como el científico que promovió el uso del fenol como un excelente agente desinfectante en medicina, y como fuente de otros productos químicos valiosos. También estudió la falsificación de productos comerciales importantes como el tabaco y los aceites.tal grado que podía ocultar totalmente los efectos de la respiración. Corenwinder estudió en detalle el cultivo d la betarraga, incluso el uso de fertilizantes como el nitrato de sodio. También estudió varias plantas tropicales, como la banana y la nuez de Brasil.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[adulteration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[alkaloids]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[microorganisms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phenol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[putrefaction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[adulteración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alcaloides]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fenol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microorganismos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[putrefacción]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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