<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2221-2450</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista CENIC Ciencias Biológicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. CENIC Cienc. Biol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2221-2450</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2221-24502024000100059</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[JEAN-AUGUSTIN BARRAL]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisniak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of the Negev  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Beer-Sheva]]></addr-line>
<country>Israel</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>59</fpage>
<lpage>69</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2221-24502024000100059&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2221-24502024000100059&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2221-24502024000100059&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Jean-Augustin Victor Barral (1819-1884), un agricultor, químico y físico francés, fue el primero en extraer la nicotina (álcali del tabaco) de las hojas de la planta, analizarla, determinar su fórmula y demostrar en forma experimental que era un veneno violento. La nicotina coloreaba azul al papel tornasol y se comportaba como un álcali fijo. Barral estudió en detalle el problema del balance químico de los animales vivos y llevó acabo los balances químicos pertinentes de los alimentos sólidos y líquidos ingeridos diariamente, así de la cantidad y composición elemental de las distintas evacuaciones, transpiración y excreciones, para establecer las ecuaciones de pérdida y ganancia del cuerpo. También llevo a cabo el balance térmico de los mismos sistemas Condujo la mayor parte de sus experimentos sobre su cuerpo y el de su hijo, así como el de ovejas. Barral puso especial hincapié en el papel que el cloruro de sodio juega sobre la economía humana y animal. Esto lo consiguió mediante un cuidadoso análisis del contenido en cloro de las diversas corrientes. Sus resultados indicaron que la cantidad de nitrógeno contenido en la dieta era mayor que la contenida en las evacuaciones, de modo que parte del nitrógeno debía ser exhalado por la respiración. Igualmente, que las evacuaciones eran más ricas en hidrógeno que la dieta, en la razón 1 a 5. Barral estudió la composición de las aguas de lluvia y su influencia sobre la vegetación. Asimismo, determinó el peso anual de nitrógeno, amoníaco, ácido nítrico, cloro, cal, y magnesio que ellas contribuían al balance químico de los suelos. Barral también estudió en detalle el proceso de dorado y determinó las mejores condiciones para realizarlo en la práctica. También extendió los resultados experimentales de Arago y Ampère acerca de la electro-magnetización. El nombre de Barral es uno de los 72 nombres de científicos franceses que Eiffel inscribió en su torre.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Jean-Augustin Victor Barral (1819-1884), a French agronomist, chemist, and physicist, was the first to extract nicotine (tobacco alkali) from the leaves of the plant, analyze it, determine its formula, and demonstrate experimentally that it was a violent poison. It turned blue wet litmus paper and behaved like a fixed alkali. Barral studied extensively the question of chemical balance of living animals and carried the pertinent chemical analysis balance of the solid and liquid foods ingested daily and the amount and elemental composition of the diverse evacuations, transpiration, and excretions, to establish the gain and loss equations of the body. He also carried a heat balance of the same systems. He conducted most of the pertinent experiments on himself and his son, and on sheep. Particular interest was put on the role played by sodium chloride in human and animal economy. This was carried by a careful analysis of the chlorine content of the different streams. He found that the quantity of nitrogen present in the food was higher than that in the evacuations, so that a part of the gas had to be exhaled by perspiration. Also, the evacuations were richer in hydrogen than food in the ratio 1 to 5. Barral studied the composition of rainwater and its influence on vegetation and determined the yearly amounts of nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid, chlorine, lime, and magnesium that it contributed to the chemical balance of the soil. Barral also carried a detailed experimental analysis of the gilding process and determined the best conditions for performing the art. He also extended the experimental results of Arago and Ampère about the electro-magnetization. Barral's name is one of the 72 names of scientists that Eiffel inscribed in his tower.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[body balance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sodium chloride]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gilding]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nicotine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rainwater]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[agua de lluvia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[balance del cuerpo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cloruro de sodio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dorado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nicotina]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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