<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7523</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Medicina]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev cubana med]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7523</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias MédicasEditorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-75232004000500001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Alteraciones del tracto digestivo superior e infección por Helicobacter pylori en 23 pacientes receptores de trasplante renal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Alterations of the upper digestive tract and helicobacter pylori infection in 23 kidney transplant recipients]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mármol Soñora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexander]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Carbajal Pascual]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez de Prado Valdivia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera Vilches]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mercedes]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina Alfonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Saúl]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parodis López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yanet]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Nefrología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>5-6</numero>
<fpage>0</fpage>
<lpage>0</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-75232004000500001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-75232004000500001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-75232004000500001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se realizó un estudio en 23 pacientes que habían recibido trasplantes renales en el Instituto Nacional de Nefrología, Cuba. Se realizó endoscopia con prueba de ureasa para diagnóstico de alteraciones gastroduodenales e infección por Helicobacter pylori (HP) en los primeros 3 meses posteriores al trasplante. Se encontró que las alteraciones más frecuentes fueron la hernia hiatal, gastritis crónica y úlcera duodenal. Del total, 8 pacientes tenían infección por Helicobacter pylori para un 34,7 % asociada con más frecuencia a gastritis, duodenitis aguda y a úlcera duodenal. Fueron tratados 4 pacientes por tener infección por HP asociada a úlcera duodenal y los 4 fueron curados sin recidiva de la infección ni la úlcera a los 6 meses de terminado el tratamiento.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A study was conducted among 23 patients that had received kidney transplants at the National Institute of Nephrology, Cuba. Endoscopy with urease test for diagnosis of gastroduodenal alterations and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection was performed during the first three months after transplantation. It was found that the most frequent alterations were hiatus hernia, chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer. Of the total, 8 patients had Helicobacter pylori infection, accounting for 34.7 % associated more frequently with gastritis, acute duodenitis and duodenal ulcer. 4 patients were treated for having HP infection associated with duodenal ulcer and they were all cured. They did not have any relapses either of the infection, or of the ulcer, six months after concluding the treatment.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Paciente trasplantado renal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alteraciones gastroduodenales en el paciente trasplantado renal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[infección por Helicobacter pylori]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Kidney transplant patient]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gastroduodenal alterations in the kidney transplant patient]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori infection]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p>Instituto Nacional de Nefrolog&iacute;a</p>    <p></p><h2> Alteraciones del tracto  digestivo superior e infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori en 23 pacientes  receptores de trasplante renal</h2>    <p>    <br> <a href="#cargo">Dr. Alexis P&eacute;rez  Rodr&iacute;guez,<span class="superscript">1 </span>Dr. Alexander M&aacute;rmol  So&ntilde;ora,<span class="superscript">1</span> Dr. Miguel Gonz&aacute;lez-Carbajal  Pascual,<span class="superscript">2</span> Dr. Juan C. P&eacute;rez de Prado Valdivia,<span class="superscript">1</span>  Dra. Mercedes Herrera Vilches,<span class="superscript">1</span> Dr. Sa&uacute;l  Molina Alfonso,<span class="superscript">3 </span>Dra. Yanet Parodis L&oacute;pez<span class="superscript">1</span></a><span class="superscript"><a name="autor"></a></span></p><h4>Resumen</h4>    <p>Se  realiz&oacute; un estudio en 23 pacientes que hab&iacute;an recibido trasplantes  renales en el Instituto Nacional de Nefrolog&iacute;a, Cuba. Se realiz&oacute;  endoscopia con prueba de ureasa para diagn&oacute;stico de alteraciones gastroduodenales  e infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori (HP) en los primeros 3 meses posteriores  al trasplante. Se encontr&oacute; que las alteraciones m&aacute;s frecuentes fueron  la hernia hiatal, gastritis cr&oacute;nica y &uacute;lcera duodenal. Del total,  8 pacientes ten&iacute;an infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori para un 34,7  % asociada con m&aacute;s frecuencia a gastritis, duodenitis aguda y a &uacute;lcera  duodenal. Fueron tratados 4 pacientes por tener infecci&oacute;n por HP asociada  a &uacute;lcera duodenal y los 4 fueron curados sin recidiva de la infecci&oacute;n  ni la &uacute;lcera a los 6 meses de terminado el tratamiento. </p>    <p></p>    <p><b><i>Palabras  clave</i>: </b>Paciente trasplantado renal, alteraciones gastroduodenales en el  paciente trasplantado renal, infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori.</p>    <p></p>    <p></p>    <p></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>El  Helicobacter pylori (HP) es una bacteria en forma de espiral, gramnegativa, que  mide aproximadamente 3,5 micras de longitud y 0,5 de ancho.<span class="superscript">1  </span>    <br> </p>    <p>La mayor&iacute;a de los pacientes con &uacute;lcera p&eacute;ptica  duodenal, tienen infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori, pues &eacute;ste est&aacute;  ausente solo en un 30 % de los casos aproximadamente,<span class="superscript">2,3  </span>en otros reportes aparece entre un 80-95 %,<span class="superscript">4-6  </span>es muy evidente que la erradicaci&oacute;n del HP reduce significativamente  la enfermedad ulcerosa recurrente.<span class="superscript">7-9</span> Existe  una gran prevalencia de gastritis cr&oacute;nica por HP.<span class="superscript">10,11  </span>La mayor asociaci&oacute;n de la infecci&oacute;n por HP se produce con  la gastritis cr&oacute;nica y la &uacute;lcera p&eacute;ptica, menos com&uacute;nmente  con el c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico y el linfoma MALT.    <br> </p>    <p>Desde 1995,  la agencia internacional para la investigaci&oacute;n del c&aacute;ncer declar&oacute;  al HP como agente carcin&oacute;geno #1 para el adenocarcinoma g&aacute;strico12  y muchos estudios lo demuestran.13 Existe una muy significativa asociaci&oacute;n  entre el linfoma MALT y la infecci&oacute;n por HP,<span class="superscript">14,15</span>  tambi&eacute;n se describe asociaci&oacute;n entre HP y c&aacute;ncer de colon.<span class="superscript">16,17</span>    <br>  </p>    <p>Las pruebas diagn&oacute;sticas para el HP, pueden ser invasivas y no invasivas.  Las t&eacute;cnicas pueden ser directas (cultivo, demostraci&oacute;n del microorganismo  por microscop&iacute;a), o indirectas (prueba de ureasa o respuesta de anticuerpos  como marcadores de la enfermedad). Este diagn&oacute;stico se hace generalmente  por endoscopia, usando uno de los 3 m&eacute;todos siguientes: prueba de ureasa,  histolog&iacute;a y cultivo de la bacteria. Por lo general, el estudio histol&oacute;gico  no es necesario, y es muy caro.<span class="superscript">18,19</span> La sensibilidad  de la prueba de ureasa es de 90-95 % y especificidad de 45-60 %,<span class="superscript">18,19</span>  gracias a esto y a su bajo costo econ&oacute;mico se le prefiere para hacer diagn&oacute;stico,  la endoscopia con biopsia para cultivar se indica cuando se sospecha resistencia  al antibi&oacute;tico<span class="superscript">20</span> y por la posibilidad  de recidivas de la infecci&oacute;n se debe confirmar la erradicaci&oacute;n del  HP.<span class="superscript">21,22</span>    <br> </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Se han evaluado m&uacute;ltiples  combinaciones de tratamiento para el HP,<span class="superscript">23-27</span>  la terapia triple con bismuto, metronidazol y tetraciclina o amoxacillina erradica  entre el 75-90 % de los casos,<span class="superscript">28,29</span> pero como  el bismuto se debe evitar en la insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica, se recomienda  sustituirlo por un inhibidor de la bomba de protones, asociado a metronidazol  y amoxacillina o claritromicina, se obtienen iguales resultados.<span class="superscript">3,30</span>    <br>  </p>    <p>El tratamiento &oacute;ptimo, no est&aacute; bien definido, debe durar  entre 10 y 40 d, por lo que se deja generalmente 15 d.<span class="superscript">28,29  </span>Se pueden ver reacciones adversas al tratamiento, pero afortunadamente  son raras, menos del 10 % de los pacientes suspenden el tratamiento por estas  reacciones.<span class="superscript">31</span>    <br> </p>    <p>En estudios realizados  en Cuba se demuestra que existe una prevalencia de la infecci&oacute;n por HP  de un 90 % en la poblaci&oacute;n general, la asociaci&oacute;n de la infecci&oacute;n  con el hallazgo de &uacute;lcera duodenal, est&aacute; entre 99 y 100 % en todos  los reportes, con la &uacute;lcera g&aacute;strica 91-95 % y gastroduodenitis  80-95%.<span class="superscript">32</span>    <br> </p>    <p>Esto demuestra la importancia  que tiene el estudio de la infecci&oacute;n por HP, y las alteraciones del sistema  digestivo alto en los pacientes que reciben trasplante renal pues a los factores  de riesgo que se encuentran en la poblaci&oacute;n normal, en este tipo de paciente  se une el uso de esteroides, ciclosporina y la inmunosupresi&oacute;n de por s&iacute;.</p><h4>Resultados</h4>    <p>Se  realiz&oacute; un estudio prospectivo en el Instituto Nacional de Nefrolog&iacute;a,  Cuba, donde fueron incluidos 23 pacientes que recibieron trasplante renal en el  a&ntilde;o 2003, a todos los casos se les realiz&oacute; en los primeros 3 meses  del postrasplante una endoscopia con prueba de ureasa para as&iacute; conocer  el comportamiento de la infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori (HP) y las afecciones  gastroduodenales que se presentan en este tipo de pacientes.    <br> </p>    <p>Del total  de pacientes estudiados se encontr&oacute; que 8 ten&iacute;an pruebas de ureasa  positiva en el estudio endosc&oacute;pico por lo que ten&iacute;an infecci&oacute;n  por HP, esto constituye el 34,7 %, no se hall&oacute; en el mayor n&uacute;mero  de pacientes, 15 para un 65,2 %.</p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>De los 8 pacientes infectados por el HP  se encontr&oacute; que todos padec&iacute;an gastritis o duodenitis aguda, 4 ten&iacute;an  &uacute;lcera duodenal (tabla 1).</p>    <p align="center">Tabla 1. Alteraciones digestivas  e infecci&oacute;n por HP</p><table width="75%" border="1" align="center"> <tr>  <td>Alteraciones </td><td>     <div align="center">Pacientes HP positivos</div></td><td>      <div align="center">Porcentaje de asociaci&oacute;n</div></td></tr> <tr> <td>Gastritis  y duodenitis aguda </td><td>     <div align="center">8 </div></td><td>     <div align="center">100</div></td></tr>  <tr> <td>&Uacute;lcera duodenal </td><td>     <div align="center">4 </div></td><td>      <div align="center">100</div></td></tr> <tr> <td>Esofagitis </td><td>     <div align="center">1  </div></td><td>     <div align="center">12,5</div></td></tr> </table>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center">Fuente:  Instituto de Nefrolog&iacute;a. Cuba.</p>    <p></p>    <p></p>    <p>La alteraci&oacute;n  m&aacute;s frecuente encontrada fue la hernia hiatal (43,4 %), en orden de frecuencia  le sigui&oacute; la gastritis cr&oacute;nica (39,1%), (tabla 2).</p>    <p align="center">Tabla  2. Alteraciones endosc&oacute;picas en pacientes receptores de trasplantes renales</p><table width="75%" border="1" align="center">  <tr> <td>Alteraci&oacute;n </td><td>     <div align="center">Pacientes </div></td><td>      <div align="center">(%)</div></td></tr> <tr> <td height="16">Hernia hiatal</td><td height="16">      <div align="center">10 </div></td><td height="16">     <div align="center">(43,4)</div></td></tr>  <tr> <td>Gastritis cr&oacute;nica </td><td>     <div align="center">9 </div></td><td>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div align="center">(39,1)</div></td></tr> <tr> <td>&Uacute;lcera duodenal</td><td>      <div align="center">4 </div></td><td>     <div align="center">(17,3)</div></td></tr>  <tr> <td>Normal </td><td>     <div align="center">4</div></td><td>     <div align="center">(17,3)</div></td></tr>  <tr> <td>Gastroduodenitis cr&oacute;nica </td><td>     <div align="center">3 </div></td><td>      <div align="center">(13,0)</div></td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulbitis cr&oacute;nica agudizada  </td><td>     <div align="center">3</div></td><td>     <div align="center">(13,0)</div></td></tr>  <tr> <td>Bulbitis cr&oacute;nica </td><td>     <div align="center">3 </div></td><td>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div align="center">(13,0)</div></td></tr> <tr> <td>     <p>Esofagitis distal</p></td><td>      <div align="center">2 </div></td><td>     <div align="center">(8,6)</div></td></tr>  <tr> <td>Gastritis cr&oacute;nica agudizada</td><td>     <div align="center">2 </div></td><td>      <div align="center">(8,6)</div></td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulbitis aguda</td><td>     <div align="center">2</div></td><td>      <div align="center">(8,6)</div></td></tr> <tr> <td>Duodenitis cr&oacute;nica </td><td>      <div align="center">2 </div></td><td>     <div align="center">(8,6)</div></td></tr>  <tr> <td>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Gastritis aguda hemorr&aacute;gica</p></td><td>     <div align="center">2  </div></td><td>     <div align="center">(8,6)</div></td></tr> <tr> <td>Gastroduodenitis  cr&oacute;nica agudizada </td><td>     <div align="center">1 </div></td><td>     <div align="center">(4,3)</div></td></tr>  </table>    <p align="center">Fuente: Instituto de Nefrolog&iacute;a. Cuba.</p>    <p></p>    <p></p><h4>Discusi&oacute;n</h4>    <p>De  los 23 pacientes estudiados, 8 ten&iacute;an infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter  pylori para un 34,7 %, los otros 15 no ten&iacute;an esta infecci&oacute;n para  un 65,2 %, este comportamiento no coincide con los estudios realizados en poblaci&oacute;n  general en el Instituto de Gastroenterolog&iacute;a, Cuba, donde se reporta una  prevalencia de la infecci&oacute;n en un 90 %, mientras que s&iacute; coincide  con otros reportes internacionales.<span class="superscript">29</span> Es bien  conocido que la presencia de sangre en las v&iacute;as digestivas, el tratamiento  antibi&oacute;tico previo a la realizaci&oacute;n de la prueba de ureasa y el  uso de medicamentos antiulcerosos puede interferir con esta prueba y favorecer  los falsos negativos.<span class="superscript">33-35</span> Todos los pacientes  cuando reciben un trasplante renal llevan tratamiento profil&aacute;ctico con  cefalosporina de tercera generaci&oacute;n durante 7-10 d y, adem&aacute;s, con  un inhibidor de la bomba de protones o un antirreceptor H2 ya que se usan dosis  altas de esteroides en este tiempo, esto puede influir directamente en nuestros  resultados alcanzados y se justifica as&iacute; el porqu&eacute; en este grupo  de pacientes el diagn&oacute;stico de infecci&oacute;n por HP por prueba de ureasa  es menos que en la poblaci&oacute;n cubana en general.     <br> </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>De los 8 pacientes  que ten&iacute;an la infecci&oacute;n 4 fueron tratados ya que padec&iacute;an  tambi&eacute;n &uacute;lcera duodenal, se indic&oacute; triple terapia con amoxacilina,  metronidazol y ranitidina durante 15 d y los 4 fueron curados de la &uacute;lcera  y la infecci&oacute;n por HP, se les repiti&oacute; la endoscopia con prueba de  ureasa a los 6 meses de concluido el tratamiento y se comprob&oacute; que no exist&iacute;a  recidiva de la infecci&oacute;n ni la &uacute;lcera a pesar de no modificarse  el tratamiento inmunosupresor que llevan estos casos, tampoco se reportaron reacciones  adversas al tratamiento.    <br> </p>    <p>Los 8 pacientes que ten&iacute;an infecci&oacute;n  por Helicobacter pylori ten&iacute;an gastritis o duodenitis aguda para el 100  % de asociaci&oacute;n, incidencia similar aparece en la poblaci&oacute;n cubana  infectada por este agente ya que se reporta este comportamiento en un 94 %,31  4 ten&iacute;an &uacute;lcera duodenal por lo que todos los pacientes que ten&iacute;an  esta afecci&oacute;n ten&iacute;an infecci&oacute;n por HP para un 100 % de asociaci&oacute;n  lo cual coincide con los resultados encontrados en los estudios realizados en  el Instituto de Gastroenterolog&iacute;a de Cuba en pacientes a los que no se  le hab&iacute;a efectuado ning&uacute;n trasplante y en los cuales esta asociaci&oacute;n  es de un 99 % en 67 pacientes estudiados y de un 100 % en un total de 25 pacientes  estudiados en el Hospital &quot;Cmte. Faustino P&eacute;rez,&quot; en Matanzas,  Cuba.<span class="superscript">31</span> La esofagitis se encontr&oacute; en 1  paciente infectado para un 12,5 % y, en general, todos los pacientes que ten&iacute;an  la infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori ten&iacute;an alteraciones gastroduodenales  asociadas a &eacute;ste, las m&aacute;s frecuentes fueron la gastritis o duodenitis  aguda y la &uacute;lcera duodenal. </p>    <p>Se concluy&oacute; que los pacientes  receptores de trasplantes renales padecen con mucha frecuencia alteraciones cr&oacute;nicas  o agudas de est&oacute;mago y duodeno, entre otras cosas, por el uso de esteroides  y la terapia inmunosupresora que todos llevan, por lo que est&aacute;n m&aacute;s  afectados que el resto de la poblaci&oacute;n.    <br> </p>    <p>No parece haber diferencias  en el comportamiento de la infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori en este tipo  de pacientes con respecto al resto de la poblaci&oacute;n a pesar de que llevan  tratamiento inmunosupresor mantenido y toman esteroides. Nos basamos para hacer  este planteamiento en que la incidencia encontrada en nuestros pacientes coincide  con los reportes internacionales para pacientes no trasplantados, las patolog&iacute;as  asociadas a esta infecci&oacute;n son iguales que las que aparecen en el resto  de los pacientes y la respuesta al tratamiento en nuestros casos fue buena sin  encontrarse recidivas. </p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p><b>ALTERATIONS OF THE UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT  AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN 23 KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS </b></p><h4>Summary</h4>    <p>A  study was conducted among 23 patients that had received kidney transplants at  the National Institute of Nephrology, Cuba. Endoscopy with urease test for diagnosis  of gastroduodenal alterations and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection was performed  during the first three months after transplantation. It was found that the most  frequent alterations were hiatus hernia, chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer.  Of the total, 8 patients had Helicobacter pylori infection, accounting for 34.7  % associated more frequently with gastritis, acute duodenitis and duodenal ulcer.  4 patients were treated for having HP infection associated with duodenal ulcer  and they were all cured. They did not have any relapses either of the infection,  or of the ulcer, six months after concluding the treatment.    <br>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <b><i>Key  words</i></b>: Kidney transplant patient, gastroduodenal alterations in the kidney  transplant patient, Helicobacter pylori infection    <br>     <br>     <br> </p>    <p></p>    <p></p>    <p></p>    <p></p>    <p></p>    <p></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p></p><h4>Referencias  bibliogr&aacute;ficas</h4>    <!-- ref --><P> 1. David AP. Bacteriology and epidemiology of Helicobacter  pylori infection. Upto Date version 11.2. CD-ROOM. 2003.    <br> </P>    <!-- ref --><P> 2. Ciociola  AA, Mc sorley DJ, Turner K. Helicobacter pylori infection rates in duodenal ulcer  patients in the United States may be lower than previusly estimated. Am J Gastroenterol  1999; 94:1834.    <br> </P>    <!-- ref --><P> 3. Marshall BJ, Mc Gechie DB, Rogers PA. Pyloric Campilobacter  infection and gastroduodenal disease. Med J Aust 1985; 142:439.    <br> </P>    <!-- ref --><P> 4.  Howden CVV, Hunt RH. Guidelines. For the management of Helicobacter pylori infection.  Am J Gastroenterol l998; 93:2330.    <br> </P>    <!-- ref --><P> 5. Laine L. Helicobacter pylori,  gastric ulcer, and agents noxious to the gastric mucosa. Gastroenterol Clin North  Am 1993; 22:117.    <br> </P>    <!-- ref --><P> 6. Borody TJ, George LL, Brandl S. 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