<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7523</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Medicina]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev cubana med]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7523</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias MédicasEditorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-75232012000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Primer caso de leucemia mieloide aguda tratado en Cuba con altas dosis de antraciclinas en la inducción]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[First case of acute myeloid leukemia treated in Cuba using high doses of anthracycline in induction]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Calixto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez Quintana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aramís]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Fraga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yusaima]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carnot Uría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chávez Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raysel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moya Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isbel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>197</fpage>
<lpage>204</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-75232012000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-75232012000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-75232012000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La leucemia mieloide aguda abarca un heterógeneo espectro de enfermedades, de naturaleza maligna y clonal, que representan un reto formidable para la medicina moderna. Con la excepción de la leucemia promielocítica, los resultados terapéuticos alcanzados continúan siendo desalentadores. Recientemente han surgido datos que demuestran mejores resultados con el uso de altas dosis de antraciclinas en la inducción. Se presentó el primer caso en Cuba, en cuya inducción se utilizó la rubidomicina a 100 mg/m² por 3 d, más el arabinósido de citosina a 100 mg/m² por 7 d, ambos en infusión endovenosa continua. La evolución clínica es satisfactoria hasta el momento. Se revisó brevemente la literatura médica al respecto.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The acute myeloid leukemia includes an heterogeneous spectrum of diseases of malignant and clonal origin representing a challenge of the current medicine. With the exception of the pro-myelocytic, the achieved therapeutical results continue being discouraging. Recently are available data demonstrating better results with the use of high doses of anthracycline in the induction. This is the first case in Cuba where in induction it was used the 100 mg/m² rubidomicin plus 100 mg/m2 for three days plus 100 mg/m² arabinoside for seven days, both in continuous intravenous infusion. The clinical course is satisfactory until now. Authors made a brief review of medical literature in this respect.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[leucemia mieloide aguda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inducción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[altas dosis de antraciclinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acute myeloid leukemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[induction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[high dose of anthracycline]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P align="right">     <div align="right">       <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>PRESENTACI&Oacute;N DE CASO</B></font></p>       <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <B>     <P>      <P><font size="4" face="Verdana">Primer caso de leucemia mieloide aguda tratado    en Cuba con altas dosis de antraciclinas en la inducci&oacute;n</font>     <P>&nbsp;     <P><font size="3" face="Verdana">First case of acute myeloid leukemia treated    in Cuba using high doses of anthracycline in induction </font>     <P>&nbsp;     <P>&nbsp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>  </B>      <P><b><font size="2" face="Verdana">Dr. Calixto Hern&aacute;ndez Cruz, Dr. Aram&iacute;s    N&uacute;&ntilde;ez Quintana, Dra. Yusaima Rodr&iacute;guez Fraga, Dr. Jos&eacute;    Carnot Ur&iacute;a, Dr. Raysel Ch&aacute;vez Medina, Dr. Isbel Moya P&eacute;rez</font>    </b>      <P>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Hospital Clinicoquir&uacute;rgico &quot;Hermanos    Ameijeiras&quot;. La Habana. Cuba. </font>      <P>&nbsp;      <P>&nbsp;  <hr size="1" noshade>     <P>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>RESUMEN</B> </font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">La leucemia mieloide aguda abarca un heter&oacute;geneo    espectro de enfermedades, de naturaleza maligna y clonal, que representan un    reto formidable para la medicina moderna. Con la excepci&oacute;n de la leucemia    promieloc&iacute;tica, los resultados terap&eacute;uticos alcanzados contin&uacute;an    siendo desalentadores. Recientemente han surgido datos que demuestran mejores    resultados con el uso de altas dosis de antraciclinas en la inducci&oacute;n.    Se present&oacute; el primer caso en Cuba, en cuya inducci&oacute;n se utiliz&oacute;    la rubidomicina a 100 mg/m<SUP>2</SUP> por 3 d, m&aacute;s el arabin&oacute;sido    de citosina a 100 mg/m<SUP>2 </SUP>por 7 d, ambos en infusi&oacute;n endovenosa    continua. La evoluci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica es satisfactoria hasta el momento.    Se revis&oacute; brevemente la literatura m&eacute;dica al respecto. </font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Palabras clave:</B> leucemia mieloide aguda,    inducci&oacute;n, altas dosis de antraciclinas. </font>  <hr size="1" noshade>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>ABSTRACT</B> </font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">The acute myeloid leukemia includes an heterogeneous    spectrum of diseases of malignant and clonal origin representing a challenge    of the current medicine. With the exception of the pro-myelocytic, the achieved    therapeutical results continue being discouraging. Recently are available data    demonstrating better results with the use of high doses of anthracycline in    the induction. This is the first case in Cuba where in induction it was used    the 100 mg/m<SUP>2 </SUP>rubidomicin plus 100 mg/m2 for three days plus 100    mg/m<SUP>2</SUP> arabinoside for seven days, both in continuous intravenous    infusion. The clinical course is satisfactory until now. Authors made a brief    review of medical literature in this respect. </font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Key words:</B> acute myeloid leukemia, induction,    high dose of anthracycline. </font>  <hr size="1" noshade>     <p>&nbsp;</p>    <P>&nbsp;     <P>      <P>      <P><font size="3" face="Verdana"><B>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</B> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">La leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) abarca un heter&oacute;geneo    espectro de enfermedades, de naturaleza maligna y clonal, caracterizadas por    la proliferaci&oacute;n descontrolada de los precursores mieloides, lo que ocasiona    afectaci&oacute;n significativa de la hematopoyesis, infiltraci&oacute;n e insuficiencia    diversa del resto de los &oacute;rganos de la econom&iacute;a. En el mundo se    diagnostican, anualmente, alrededor de 300 000 casos<SUP>1<B> </B></SUP>y representan    80 % del total de las leucemias agudas que afectan a los adultos.<SUP>2<B> </B></SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En general, el tratamiento de las LMA transcurre    en 2 fases; una de <I>inducci&oacute;n</I>, cuyo objetivo es alcanzar la remisi&oacute;n    completa (RC): ausencia de manifestaciones extramedulares de leucemia, valores    hematol&oacute;gicos normales en sangre perif&eacute;rica y menos de 5 % de    blastos en m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea, sin que ninguno de ellos tenga fenotipo    leuc&eacute;mico; y otra de <I>consolidaci&oacute;n: </I>mantener la remisi&oacute;n    completa y eliminar, adem&aacute;s, elementos celulares malignos residuales    no detectables morfol&oacute;gicamente, esta fase puede incluir el trasplante    de progenitores hematopoy&eacute;ticos (TPH) aut&oacute;logo o alog&eacute;nico.    Ambas fases influyen decisivamente en la supervivencia global (SG) y libre de    enfermedad (SLE) que puedan alcanzar los pacientes afectos por LMA. </font>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana">El tratamiento est&aacute;ndar de inducci&oacute;n    comenz&oacute; a conformarse a finales de la d&eacute;cada de los 60 del pasado    siglo, cuando se observ&oacute; que tanto el arabin&oacute;sido de citosina    (ara-C) como las antraciclinas provocaban respuestas terap&eacute;uticas de    forma individual.<SUP>3-5</SUP> Los estudios posteriores recomendaron que el    esquema de inducci&oacute;n contemplara la rubidomicina a 45-60 mg/m&#178; por    3 d, m&aacute;s el ara-C en infusi&oacute;n endovenosa continua (IEVC), a 100    mg/m<SUP>2</SUP> durante 7 d (3 + 7), con el que se debe lograr 60 % a 80 %    de RC entre los pacientes menores de 60 a&ntilde;os.<SUP>6,7</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">No obstante estos aparentes progresos registrados    por la ciencia durante las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas, las LMA contin&uacute;an    representando un reto tremendo para la medicina moderna. Con excepci&oacute;n    de la LMA promieloc&iacute;tica, los resultados terap&eacute;uticos alcanzados    contin&uacute;an siendo desalentadores, dos tercios de los adultos j&oacute;venes    a&uacute;n mueren a consecuencia de la enfermedad,<SUP>1,8</SUP><B><I> </I></B>    y ello ha generado constantes esfuerzos por mejorar el tratamiento, especialmente    durante el per&iacute;odo inicial que representa la inducci&oacute;n. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En este contexto han surgido recientes datos    que sugieren las altas dosis de rubidomicina (AD-R) en la inducci&oacute;n,    como una posibilidad, para lograr mejores resultados.<SUP>9,10</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Se presenta el primer caso en nuestro pa&iacute;s    tratado con altas dosis de antracicl&iacute;nicos (rubidomicina) en la inducci&oacute;n,    y cuya evoluci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica ha resultado satisfactoria hasta el momento.    </font>     <P>&nbsp;     <P>      <P><font size="3" face="Verdana"><B>PRESENTACI&Oacute;N DEL CASO</B> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Paciente femenina de 37 a&ntilde;os de edad,    blanca, con APP de asma bronquial, que en junio de 2010 comienza a presentar    sangrados vaginales abundantes y equimosis en piel, fue valorada en su provincia    de origen donde se detecta, en hemograma, pancitopenia y se comprueba la existencia    de LMA mediante medulograma. Es referida hacia nuestro servicio para continuar    tratamiento. La reevaluaci&oacute;n morfol&oacute;gica e inmunofenot&iacute;pica    practicada posteriormente halla una LMA tipo M7 (megacariobl&aacute;stica).    El estudio ecocardiogr&aacute;fico inicial result&oacute; normal, con fracci&oacute;n    de eyecci&oacute;n del ventr&iacute;culo izquierdo (FEVI) de 72 %. Se inicia    tratamiento de inducci&oacute;n el 12 de julio de 2010 con empleo de altas dosis    de rubidomicina, 160 mg (100 mg/m<SUP>2</SUP>) por 3 d, m&aacute;s el ara-C    a 160 mg (100 mg/m<SUP>2</SUP>) por 7 d, ambos en IEVC. Tres semanas despu&eacute;s    de concluida la quimioterapia se aprecia recuperaci&oacute;n hematol&oacute;gica.    Durante el per&iacute;odo de aplasia fue apoyada oportunamente con hemoderivados    (concentrados de plaquetas y hemat&iacute;es) y con antibioticoterapia de amplio    espectro. No se registraron indicios de disfunci&oacute;n card&iacute;aca alguna.    El 13 de agosto de 2010 se constata la RC. El ecocardiograma evolutivo inform&oacute;    FEVI de 75 %, previo al tratamiento de consolidaci&oacute;n, que comenz&oacute;    el 8 de septiembre de 2010 y consisti&oacute; en el empleo de altas dosis de    ara-C, a raz&oacute;n de 3 g/m<SUP>2</SUP> (6 dosis en total). El 27 de septiembre    de 2010 es dada de alta m&eacute;dica luego de superar la aplasia posquimioterapia.    El 20 de octubre de 2010 ingresa para un segundo ciclo de consolidaci&oacute;n    (ecocardiograma con FEVI de 60,9 %), se administran iguales dosis de ara-C que    en el ciclo anterior. El 9 de noviembre de 2010 es egresada luego de recuperarse    hematol&oacute;gicamente. En diciembre de 2010 se reeval&uacute;a para TPH,    se concluye que se mantiene en RC, con ecocardiograma normal (FEVI 68,6 %) y    que est&aacute; apta para este proceder. En enero de 2011 se realiza el TPH    de m&eacute;dula &oacute;sea, de tipo ant&oacute;logo, exitosamente. El r&eacute;gimen    condicionante empleado fue con altas dosis de ciclofosfamida y etop&oacute;sido    m&aacute;s radioterapia corporal total. En la actualidad, despu&eacute;s de    10 meses de seguimiento pos-TPH, la paciente se mantiene en RC y con estudios    ecocardiogr&aacute;ficos normales. </font>      <P>&nbsp;     <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="3" face="Verdana"><B>DISCUSI&Oacute;N</B> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Por la extraordinaria influencia que tiene en    los resultados posteriores, es que al tratamiento de inducci&oacute;n se le    ha prestado tanta atenci&oacute;n en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os. Alcanzar    la RC es un paso imprescindible para continuar de forma exitosa el resto del    tratamiento planificado y lograr eventualmente la cura del paciente. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En los a&ntilde;os 80, el grupo norteamericano    <I>Cancer and Leukemia Group B</I> (CALGB) estableci&oacute; la efectividad    de aplicar rubidomicina a 45 mg/m&#178; por 3 d m&aacute;s ara-C, a 100 mg/m&#178;,    en IEVC por 7 d.<SUP>11,12</SUP> La dosis de rubidomicina en la actualidad se    aplica mayoritariamente a 60 mg/m<SUP>2</SUP>.<SUP>6</SUP> Quedaba claro que    el ara-C en IEVC era superior a su administraci&oacute;n en bolos, y que 200    mg/m&#178; no ofrec&iacute;a ninguna ventaja adicional; asimismo, la rubidomicina    mostr&oacute; ser menos t&oacute;xica que la adriamicina, y que cualquier dosis    menor a los 45 mg/m&#178; de rubidomicina conduc&iacute;a a inferiores resultados.    Finalmente, la administraci&oacute;n de rubidomicina por 2 d m&aacute;s ara-C    por 5 d (esquema &quot;2+5&quot;), tambi&eacute;n se traduc&iacute;a en un porcentaje    menor de RC. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Durante los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os han sido    exploradas otras alternativas de inducci&oacute;n que incluyen la sustituci&oacute;n    de la rubidomicina por idarubicina,<SUP>13-16</SUP> aclarubicina,<SUP>17</SUP>    amsacrine<SUP>18</SUP> y mitoxantrone.<SUP>19</SUP> Ninguna ha demostrado superioridad    a la rubidomicina en dosis equivalentes, en t&eacute;rminos de SG.<B> </B> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">La<B> </B>incorporaci&oacute;n de altas dosis    de ara-C en la inducci&oacute;n tambi&eacute;n ha sido ensayada por grupos norteamericanos    y australianos, empleando 6 a 8 dosis de ara-C a 2 o 3 g/m&#178;.<SUP>20-23</SUP>    El porcentaje de RC obtenido no fue mejor al mostrado por el 3+7, en tanto se    evidenci&oacute; incremento de la toxicidad. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Las tentativas de elevar las tasas de respuestas    adicionando otras drogas como 6-tioguanina, etop&oacute;sido, fludarabina, topotecan    y moduladores de la resistencia multidroga tambi&eacute;n han fallado en general.<SUP>24-29</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Tambi&eacute;n se ha estudiado la sensibilizaci&oacute;n    de las c&eacute;lulas leuc&eacute;micas mediante los factores de crecimiento    hematopoy&eacute;ticos (factores estimulantes de colonias granuloc&iacute;ticas    y granulo-monoc&iacute;ticas) para aumentar la citotoxicidad de la quimioterapia.    Los resultados reportados hasta ahora no son un&aacute;nimes en cuanto a los    posibles beneficios.<SUP>30-33<B> </B></SUP>Asimismo, la terapia diana (con    anticuerpos monoclonales, inhibidores FLT3, agentes hipometilantes), dirigida    contra conocidas alteraciones moleculares y gen&eacute;ticas, aunque promisoria,    a&uacute;n no se ha evaluado lo suficiente como para ser recomendada en los    inicios de la enfermedad.<SUP>6</SUP><B> </B> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Por estos resultados limitados se ha comenzado    a estudiar el uso de las AD-R, como novedosa estrategia de intensificaci&oacute;n    de la inducci&oacute;n, que puede potencialmente conducir a mejoras en t&eacute;rminos    de RC, SLE y SG.<SUP>9,10</SUP> Estudiosos del tema, como <I>Rowe</I>, apuntan    que la rubidomicina a raz&oacute;n de 45 mg/m&#178; no puede seguir siendo la    dosis recomendada,<SUP>1 </SUP>y a&uacute;n no se ha aclarado cu&aacute;l ser&iacute;a    la dosis m&aacute;xima posible, que alcance mejores resultados con un perfil    de toxicidad seguro. </font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En un reporte reciente de <I>Hugo F. Fern&aacute;ndez</I>    y otros<SUP>34<B> </B></SUP>donde se comparan las AD-R, a 90 mg/m&#178;, con    las dosis est&aacute;ndar, se obtuvieron m&aacute;s altos porcentajes de RC    (70,6 % <I>vs.</I> 57,3 %) y superior SG (23,7 <I>vs.</I> 15,7 meses), con tasas    de eventos adversos similares en ambas ramas. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Estudios del grupo CALGB han se&ntilde;alado    la seguridad de la administraci&oacute;n de la rubidomicina a 95 mg/m&#178;    acompa&ntilde;ado de tasas de RC altas.<SUP>35</SUP> </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Los investigadores del grupo <I>Eastern Cooperative    Oncology Group</I> (ECOG) tambi&eacute;n reportan resultados positivos en 657    pacientes entre 17 y 60 a&ntilde;os, comparando 45 y 90 mg/m<SUP>2</SUP> de    rubidomicina, consiguen mejores tasas de RC ( 57 % <I>vs.</I> 70 %) y de SG    (15,7 meses <I>vs.</I> 23,7 meses).<SUP>34 </SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">El riesgo del empleo de dosis altas de antracicl&iacute;nicos    es la aparici&oacute;n de la cardiotoxicidad, que se relaciona, fundamentalmente,    con los picos agudos del citost&aacute;tico en sangre y con la exposici&oacute;n    a la dosis total indicada.<SUP>36</SUP> Basado en este precepto se han ensayado    las AD-R, incluso en pacientes ancianos. El grupo europeo <I>Dutch-Belgium Hemato-Oncology    Cooperative Group/Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research</I> (HOVON/SAKK)    dio a conocer, en el a&ntilde;o 2009, sus resultados con el uso de la rubidomicina    a 90 mg/m&#178; sin registrarse efectos adversos significativos, y con mejor&iacute;a    de los porcentajes de RC y SG obtenidos.<SUP>37<B> </B></SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Estos resultados alentadores, acompa&ntilde;ados    de un perfil de toxicidad dentro de lo esperado, y del hecho de que los antracicl&iacute;nicos    tienen su papel m&aacute;s importante durante la inducci&oacute;n (pues ni en    la consolidaci&oacute;n ni en los reg&iacute;menes condicionantes pre-TPH se    emplea habitualmente, lo que permite no pasar de las dosis totales de 500 mg/m<SUP>2</SUP>,    a partir de las cuales se conoce aumenta exponencialmente su cardiotoxicidad),    nos motiv&oacute; a emplear las AD-R, en dosis de 100 mg/m&#178; por 3 d, en    pacientes menores de 60 a&ntilde;os, afectados por leucemia mieloide aguda no    promieloc&iacute;tica mediante infusi&oacute;n endovenosa continua, para evitar    concentraciones sangu&iacute;neas elevadas de la droga de forma abrupta y evitar    la aparici&oacute;n del da&ntilde;o card&iacute;aco. Esta decisi&oacute;n fue    tomada como parte de un proyecto m&aacute;s amplio aprobado en el Consejo Cient&iacute;fico    de la instituci&oacute;n, para seguir explorando las posibilidades de este tipo    de intensificaci&oacute;n de la inducci&oacute;n. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">La paciente aqu&iacute; referida ha tenido una    evoluci&oacute;n hematol&oacute;gica muy favorable y las rigurosas evaluaciones    ecocardiogr&aacute;ficas a las que ha sido sometida han resultado satisfactorias.    Con la presentaci&oacute;n de este caso, se abre un nuevo camino en nuestro    medio, en la investigaci&oacute;n de nuevas posibilidades terap&eacute;uticas    en la atenci&oacute;n de pacientes afectos por LMA. </font>     <P>&nbsp;     <P>      <P>      <P>      <P>      <P><font size="3" face="Verdana"><B>REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</B> </font>     ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">28. Milligan DW, Wheatley K, Littlewood T, Craig    JIO, Burnett AK. Fludarabine and cytosine are less effective than standard ADE    chemotherapy in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia, and addition of G-CSF and    ATRA are not beneficial: results of the MRC AML-HR randomized trial. Blood.<I>    </I>2006;107(12):4614-22.     </font>     <P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">29. List AF, Kopecky KJ, Willman CL. Benefit    of cyclosporine modulation of drug resistance in patients with poor-risk acute    myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood.<I> </I>2001;98(12):3212-20.        </font>     <P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">30. Estey EH. Growth factors in acute myeloid    leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2001;14(1):175-87.     </font>     <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">31. Lowenberg B, van Putten W, Theobald M. Effect    of priming with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on the outcome of chemotherapy    for acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(8):743-52.     </font>     <P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">32. Thomas X, Raffoux E, de Botton S. Effect    of priming with granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor in younger adults    with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: a trial by the Acute Leukemia French    Association (ALFA) Group. Leukemia.<I> </I>2007;21(3):453-61.     </font>     <P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">33. Buchner T, Berdel WE, Hiddemann W. Priming    with granulocyte colony stimulating factor-relationto high-dose cytarabine in    acute myeloid leukemia.<FONT  COLOR="#403838"> </FONT>Engl J Med.<I> </I>2004<I>;</I>350(21)<I>:</I>2215<I>-</I>6<I>.    </I>    </font>     <P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">34. Fernandez HF, Sun Z, Yao X, Litzow MR, Luger    SM, Paietta EM, et al. Anthracycline dose intensification in acute myeloid leukemia.    N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 24;361(13):1301-3.     </font>     <P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">35. Kolitz JE, George SL, Dodge RK. Dose escalation    studies of cytarabine, daunorubicin, and etoposide with and without multidrug    resistance modulation with PSC-833 in untreated adults with acute myeloid leukemia    younger than 60 years: final induction results of Cancer and Leukemia Group    B Study 9621. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4290-301.     </font>      <P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">36. P&eacute;rez C, Agust&iacute; MA, Tornos    P. Cardiotoxicidad tard&iacute;a inducida por antraciclinas. Med Clin(Barc).    2009;133(8):311-3.     </font>      <P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">37. Lowenberg B, Ossenkoppele GJ, Van PW. High-dose    daunorubicin in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1235-48.        </font>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp;     <P>&nbsp;     <P>      <P>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Recibido: 7 de noviembre de 2011.     <br>   </font> <font size="2" face="Verdana"> Aprobado: 1 de diciembre de 2011. </font>     <P>&nbsp;     <P>&nbsp;     <P>      <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Dr. <I>Calixto Hern&aacute;ndez Cruz</I>. Hospital    Clinicoquir&uacute;rgico &quot;Hermanos Ameijeiras&quot;, San L&aacute;zaro    No. 701 entre Belascoa&iacute;n y Marqu&eacute;s Gonz&aacute;lez, Centro Habana.    La Habana, Cuba. CP 10 300. <U><a href="mailto:calixtohdez@infomed.sld.cu">calixtohdez@infomed.sld.cu</a><FONT COLOR="#000080">    </FONT></U> </font>      ]]></body><back>
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