<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7531</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Pediatría]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Pediatr]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7531</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias MédicasEditorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-75311996000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Nueva formula matemática para el calculo de la proteinuria de 24 horas en niños]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salabarría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maricel]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armando]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Blanca]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Pediátrico Docente Juan Manuel Márquez  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>1996</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>1996</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>104</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-75311996000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-75311996000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-75311996000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se elaboró una fórmula matemática para la cuantificación de la excreción urinaria de proteínas en 24 horas en niños y adolescentes, derivada de la relación proteinuria creatinuria (RPC). Se procesaron 104 muestras de orina de 24 horas, las cuales se dividieron en 2 grupos de acuerdo con la excreción diaria de creatinina. La proteinuria de 24 horas se determinó en cada grupo por el método tradicional y mediante la fórmula propuesta. Se obtuvo una excelente correlación (r = 0,994) y una elevada concordancia en el grupo con recolecciones adecuadas de orina, no así en el grupo con recolecciones inadecuadas (r = 0,896). Al comparar las RPC en 30 muestras de orina obtenidas en 3 diferentes períodos, con la RPC de 24 horas correspondiente se obtuvo una elevada correlación (r 0,99); no obstante la que guardó mayor identidad fue la del período comprendido entre las 7:00 a.m. y 12:00 m.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A mathematical formula for the quantification of 24-hour urinary protein excretion in children and adolescents, derived from the proteinuria-creatinuria relation (PCR) was elaborated. 104 urine specimens were processed and divided into two groups according to daily creatinine excretion. 24-hour proteinuria was determined in each group by the traditional method and by the formula proposed. An excelent correlation (r=0,994) and an elevated correspondence in the group with adequate urine collections were obtained, but it was not so in the group with inadequate collections (r=0,896). On comparing the PCR in 30 urine specimens collected at three different periods with the corresponding 24-hour PCR, an elevated correlation (r 0,99) was obtained; however, the one with the greatest identity was that collected between 7:00 a.m. and 12:00 m.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PROTEINURIA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CREATININA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[MATEMATICA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PROTEINURIA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CREATININE]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[MATHEMATICS]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ Hospital Pedi&aacute;trico Docente "Juan Manuel M&aacute;rquez"  <H2>  Nueva formula matem&aacute;tica para el calculo de la proteinuria de 24  horas en ni&ntilde;os</H2>  <I><A HREF="#autores">Dr. Jos&eacute; R. Salabarr&iacute;a,<SUP>1</SUP>  Dra. Maricel Gonz&aacute;lez,<SUP>2</SUP> Dr. Ernesto Costa,<SUP>2</SUP>  Lic. Armando Montoto<SUP>3</SUP> y Dra. Blanca Blanco<SUP>2</SUP></A></I>  <H4>  RESUMEN</H4>    <DIR>Se elabor&oacute; una f&oacute;rmula matem&aacute;tica para la cuantificaci&oacute;n  de la excreci&oacute;n urinaria de prote&iacute;nas en 24 horas en ni&ntilde;os  y adolescentes, derivada de la relaci&oacute;n proteinuria creatinuria  (RPC). Se procesaron 104 muestras de orina de 24 horas, las cuales se dividieron  en 2 grupos de acuerdo con la excreci&oacute;n diaria de creatinina. La  proteinuria de 24 horas se determin&oacute; en cada grupo por el m&eacute;todo  tradicional y mediante la f&oacute;rmula propuesta. Se obtuvo una excelente  correlaci&oacute;n (r = 0,994) y una elevada concordancia en el grupo con  recolecciones adecuadas de orina, no as&iacute; en el grupo con recolecciones  inadecuadas (r = 0,896). Al comparar las RPC en 30 muestras de orina obtenidas  en 3 diferentes per&iacute;odos, con la RPC de 24 horas correspondiente  se obtuvo una elevada correlaci&oacute;n (r > 0,99); no obstante la que  guard&oacute; mayor identidad fue la del per&iacute;odo comprendido entre  las 7:00 a.m. y 12:00 m.        <P><I>Palabras clave</I>: PROTEINURIA/orina; CREATININA/orina; MATEMATICA.</DIR>    <H4>  INTRODUCCION</H4>  La cuantificaci&oacute;n de la excreci&oacute;n urinaria de prote&iacute;nas  se emplea ampliamente con fines diagn&oacute;sticos, pron&oacute;sticos  y para valorar los efectos del tratamiento en pacientes con proteinuria.<SUP>1-4</SUP>  El m&eacute;todo habitualmente utilizado para medir la proteinuria se apoya  en la recolecci&oacute;n de orina de 24 horas, &eacute;ste consume tiempo,  es molesto para el paciente y a menudo inexacto.<SUP>5,6</SUP>        <P>La creatinina es excretada por el ri&ntilde;&oacute;n y en ausencia  de eliminaci&oacute;n extrarrenal la generaci&oacute;n de creatinina puede  inferirse de su excreci&oacute;n.<SUP>7</SUP>        <P>Si la excreci&oacute;n de creatinina es constante en presencia de un  filtrado glomerular estable es probable que la excreci&oacute;n de proteinas  tambi&eacute;n lo sea. Partiendo de esta hip&oacute;tesis <I>Ginsberg</I><SUP>8</SUP>  postul&oacute; que la relaci&oacute;n proteinuria/creatinuria (RPC) determinada  en una muestra simple de orina reflejar&iacute;a la excreci&oacute;n de  prote&iacute;nas de 24 horas.        <P>Otros autores han empleado con &eacute;xito este &iacute;ndice.<SUP>9-14</SUP>  Es probable que la RPC sea potencialmente m&aacute;s exacta, porque evita  las inexactitudes inherentes a la recolecci&oacute;n de la muestra de orina  de 24 horas.        <P>El empleo de la RPC en ni&ntilde;os est&aacute; poco referido en la  literatura m&eacute;dica<SUP>10-15</SUP> probablemente debido a la influencia  de las variaciones de la masa corporal sobre la excreci&oacute;n urinaria  de creatinina. El objetivo del presente trabajo lo constituye la obtenci&oacute;n  de valores absolutos de excreci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas en orina de  24 horas, en ni&ntilde;os y adolescentes, mediante la aplicaci&oacute;n  de una f&oacute;rmula matem&aacute;tica que utiliza la RPC y la excreci&oacute;n  de creatinina calculada a partir de la f&oacute;rmula propuesta por <I>Schwartz</I>  para el c&aacute;lculo del &iacute;ndice de filtraci&oacute;n glomerular  (FGR) en ni&ntilde;os y adolescentes.<SUP>16</SUP>  <H4>  MATERIAL Y METODO</H4>  A continuaci&oacute;n se describe en detalle el razonamiento seguido para  la obtenci&oacute;n de la f&oacute;rmula propuesta:      <PRE>ProtOg/24h&nbsp;&nbsp;  ------------ = RPC(24h)  CreatOg/24h  ProOg/24h =RPC(24h) x Creat Og/24h  CreatOg/24h = CreatOg/L x diuresis en 24 h<SUP>1  </SUP>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; FG (mL/min) x CreatS(mg/dL) x 1 440&nbsp;  Diuresis en 24h<SUP>1</SUP> = -------------------------------------  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CreatO (mg/dL) x 1 000</PRE>  F&oacute;rmula de Schwartz:      <PRE>FG/1,73 m2 = Kx x L/CreatS (mg/dL)  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; K x L x SC (m2)  FG = -----------------------  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CreatS (mg/dL) x 1,73</PRE>  Sustituyendo:      <PRE>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RPC (24h) x CreatOg/Lx KxLxSC x CreatS (mg/dL) x 1440  ProtOg/24h = -----------------------------------------------------  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CreatS(mg/dL)x 1,73 x CreatO (mg/dL) x 1000  CreatO (mg/dL) = CreatO(g/L) x 100  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RPC(24h)x CreatO(g/L)x KxLxSCxCreatS (mg/dL)x 1 440&nbsp;  ProtOg/24 h = -------------------------------------------------  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CreatS(mg/dL)x1,73xCreatO(g/L)x100x1000</PRE>  Simplificando:      <PRE>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RPC(24h)xKxLxS  ProtOg/24 h = ----------------  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 120  RPC(24h) = RPC (en muestra simple de orina)  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RPC(en muestra simple de orina)xKxLxSC  ProtOg/24h = ----------------------------------------  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 120</PRE>  para K = 0,55      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<PRE>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RPC (en muestra simple de orina)xLxSC  ProtOg/24h = ----------------------------------------  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 218</PRE>  Leyendas:        <P>ProtO: Prote&iacute;nas en orina        <P>CreatO: Creatinina en orina        <P>RPC: Relaci&oacute;n proteinuria/creatininuria        <P>FG: Filtrado glomerular        <P>L: Talla en cm        <P>K: Constante de proporcionalidad relacionada con la excreci&oacute;n  de creatinina por unidad de masa corporal        <P>CreatS: Creatinina s&eacute;rica        <P>SC: Superficie corporal        <P>Se estudiaron 104 muestras de orina de 24 horas, provenientes de igual  n&uacute;mero de pacientes a las cuales se les determin&oacute; la concentraci&oacute;n  de prote&iacute;nas por el m&eacute;todo de Azul Comassie<SUP>17,18</SUP>  y la concentraci&oacute;n de creatinina por el m&eacute;todo cin&eacute;tico  de la reacci&oacute;n de Jaff&eacute;<SUP>19</SUP> con el empleo de un  espectrofot&oacute;metro Shimadzu UV 160. Se utiliz&oacute; la f&oacute;rmula  propuesta por <I>Ghazali</I><SUP>20</SUP> para la evaluaci&oacute;n del  completamiento de las recolecciones de orina de 24 horas: OcreV (mg/kg/d&iacute;a)  = 15+0,5 (edad en a&ntilde;os) +-6(2DS). Las muestras se dividieron en  2 grupos seg&uacute;n este criterio, uno (65) calificadas de adecuadas,  y otro (39) inadecuadas. Se calcul&oacute; la proteinuria de 24 horas en  cada una mediante el m&eacute;todo habitual y la f&oacute;rmula propuesta,  y se compararon los resultados obtenidos en ambos grupos. Simult&aacute;neamente  se efectuaron determinaciones de las RPC en 30 muestras de orina recogidas  en 3 momentos diferentes del d&iacute;a (entre 7: 00 a.m. y 12:00 m., entre  12:00 m. y 7:00 p.m. y entre 7:00 p.m. y 7:00 a.m.) y se compararon con  la RPC de 24 horas correspondiente. Se aplicaron las pruebas de regresi&oacute;n  y de correlaci&oacute;n lineal y la d&oacute;cima Kappa de concordancia,  para lo cual los resultados obtenidos por ambos m&eacute;todos se agruparon  en 3 grupos, uno constituido por los resultados que se encontraban entre  0 y 0,2 g/24h, el segundo formado por los que se encontraban entre 0,201  y 3,5g/24h y el &uacute;ltimo de 3,501 hasta 10,0g/24h.  <H4>  RESULTADOS</H4>  En el grupo de muestras calificadas como adecuadas se obtuvo un coeficiente  de correlaci&oacute;n de 0,9943, al comparar los resultados de la proteinuria  de 24 horas por ambos m&eacute;todos.        ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>En el grupo de muestras clasificadas como inadecuadas el coeficiente  de correlaci&oacute;n fue de 0,896.        <P>En la tabla 1 se muestra la excelente concordancia obtenida al comparar  los resultados (d&oacute;cima Kappa) cuando las recolecciones fueron consideradas  adecuadas.      <CENTER></CENTER>        <CENTER>TABLA 1. <I>Recolecci&oacute;n adecuada</I></CENTER>        <CENTER><TABLE CELLPADDING=4 >  <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="4" WIDTH="68%">      <CENTER>Prote&iacute;nas G/24 horas (f&oacute;rmula)</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>1</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>2</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>3</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>Total</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">Prote&iacute;nas</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>1</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>34</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>34</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">G/24h</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,523</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>2</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>2</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>22</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>24</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">(Trad)</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,369</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>3</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>1</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>6</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>7</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,107</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>Total</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>36</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>23</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>6</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>65</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,553</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,353</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,092</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>  </TR>  </TABLE></CENTER>        <CENTER>Zo=20,4 <FONT FACE=Symbol>a</FONT>=0,01 Z=2,33</CENTER>          <P>Cuando se observan los resultados de las muestras con recolecciones  inadecuadas, a pesar de mantener una buena concordancia, &eacute;sta fue  menor que en aquellas clasificadas como adecuadas (tabla 2).      <CENTER></CENTER>        <CENTER>TABLA 2. <I>Recolecci&oacute;n inadecuada</I></CENTER>        ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>&nbsp;</CENTER>        <CENTER><TABLE CELLPADDING=4 >  <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="4" WIDTH="68%">      <CENTER>Prote&iacute;nas G/24 horas (f&oacute;rmula)</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>1</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>2</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>3</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>Total</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">Prote&iacute;nas</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>1</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>10</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>0</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>10</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,256</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">G/24H</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>2</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>8</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>15</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>23</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,589</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">(Trad)</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>3</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>0</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>1</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>5</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>6</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,153</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>Total</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>18</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>16</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>5</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>39</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>0,461</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,410</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">      <CENTER>0,128</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">&nbsp;</TD>  </TR>  </TABLE></CENTER>        <CENTER>Zo=7,218 <FONT FACE=Symbol>a</FONT>=0,01 Z=2,33</CENTER>          <P>En la tabla 3 se muestra el an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico de la  comparaci&oacute;n entre las RPC calculadas en 3 momentos diferentes del  d&iacute;a con la RPC de 24 horas.      <CENTER></CENTER>        <CENTER>TABLA 3. <I>RPC en 3 momentos del d&iacute;a comparados con la  RPC de 24 horas</I></CENTER>        <CENTER><TABLE CELLPADDING=4 >  <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>7:00 p.m. - 7.00 a.m.</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>7:00 a.m. - 12:00 m.</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>12:00 m. - 7:00 p.m.</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>r = 0,9932</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>r = 0,9919</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>r = 0,9979</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>P (2 colas): 1,3E - 0028</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>P (2 colas): 1,6E - 0027</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>P (2 colas): 4,9E - 0036</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>P.Hip alfa y beta</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>P. Hip alfa y beta</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>P. Hip alfa y beta</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>Estad. (F) 20.3593</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>Estad. (F) 0,1939</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>Estad. (F) 6,0691</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>Prob: 3,0E - 0006</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>Prob. 0.8248</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>Prob: 0,0063</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>a: 0,1327</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>a: -0,0157</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>a: 0,0048</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>b: 0,8799</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER>b: 1,0147</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>b: 1,0388</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>    <TR>  <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>y no = x</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>y = x</CENTER>  </TD>    <TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="33%">      <CENTER>y no = x</CENTER>  </TD>  </TR>  </TABLE></CENTER>    <H4>  DISCUSION</H4>  A pesar de que no existe unanimidad de criterios respecto a la constancia  de la excreci&oacute;n de creatinina en 24 horas <SUP>7,21,22</SUP> &eacute;sta  se ha empleado como patr&oacute;n fisiol&oacute;gico de referencia para  comparar la excreci&oacute;n de otras sustancias<SUP>23-25</SUP> y al mismo  tiempo la determinaci&oacute;n de la RPC ha confirmado su validez en la  pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica.<SUP>9-14</SUP>        <P>Nuestros resultados confirman que la f&oacute;rmula propuesta sustituye  ventajosamente al m&eacute;todo tradicional, en la determinaci&oacute;n  de la proteinuria de 24 horas en ni&ntilde;os y adolescentes. Es de se&ntilde;alar  el n&uacute;mero elevado de recolecciones calificadas como inadecuadas  (34 %) y su efecto negativo sobre el c&aacute;lculo de la proteinuria de  24 horas por el m&eacute;todo habitual (r = 0,896) y la elevada correlaci&oacute;n  cuando la orina fue recogida satisfactoriamente (r = 0,994). En varios  estudios<SUP>7,8,11</SUP> se ha referido que los resultados de la RPC en  muestras de orina obtenidas en las primeras horas de la ma&ntilde;ana y  durante la noche subestiman a los obtenidos con la recolecci&oacute;n de  24 horas, seguramente debido al efecto de la posici&oacute;n supina sobre  la excreci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas; en nuestro estudio constatamos  este efecto a pesar del elevado coeficiente de correlaci&oacute;n de todas  las muestras. La mayor correspondencia se obtuvo en las muestras obtenidas  entre 7:00 a.m. y 12:00 m., por lo que ser&iacute;a aconsejable el empleo  de muestras de orina obtenidas en ese horario, lo cual no constituye ning&uacute;n  inconveniente. En estas muestras no fueron incluidas las primeras micciones  al levantarse que se incluyeron en el horario de 7:00 p.m. a 7:00 a.m.        <P>Como se ha expresado previamente, para el c&aacute;lculo de la proteinuria  de 24 horas a partir de la RPC es requisito indispensable la constancia  de la excreci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas y de creatinina durante ese  per&iacute;odo, por lo que en la proteinuria transitoria y sobre todo en  la ortost&aacute;tica, donde es caracter&iacute;stica la variabilidad de  la excreci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas durante el d&iacute;a, el empleo  de la RPC en muestra simple de orina estar&iacute;a sujeto a errores derivados  de este hecho, y es aconsejable en estos casos el empleo de la RPC en muestras  de orina de 24 horas.        <P>La f&oacute;rmula propuesta brinda la posibilidad de disponer de valores  absolutos de excreci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas con una excelente precisi&oacute;n,  lo cual constituye una ventaja evidente, pues permite valorar acertadamente  las p&eacute;rdidas proteicas reales y poder seguir la evoluci&oacute;n  de la enfermedad con m&aacute;s confianza.  <H4>  SUMMARY</H4>  A mathematical formula for the quantification of 24-hour urinary protein  excretion in children and adolescents, derived from the proteinuria-creatinuria  relation (PCR) was elaborated. 104 urine specimens were processed and divided  into two groups according to daily creatinine excretion. 24-hour proteinuria  was determined in each group by the traditional method and by the formula  proposed. An excelent correlation (r=0,994) and an elevated correspondence  in the group with adequate urine collections were obtained, but it was  not so in the group with inadequate collections (r=0,896). On comparing  the PCR in 30 urine specimens collected at three different periods with  the corresponding 24-hour PCR, an elevated correlation (r > 0,99) was obtained;  however, the one with the greatest identity was that collected between  7:00 a.m. and 12:00 m.        <P><I>Key words:</I> PROTEINURIA/urine; CREATININE/urine; MATHEMATICS.  <H4>  REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS</H4>    <OL>      <!-- ref --><LI>  Salabarr&iacute;a JS, Magrans Ch, Dur&aacute;n S., Douglas B, Ondrusikova,  O. Selectividad de la proteinuria en pacientes con s&iacute;ndrome nefr&oacute;tico.  Rev Cubana Pediatr 1981;53b.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Miyai T, Ogata M. Changes in the concentration of urinary proteins after  physical exercise. Acta Med Okayama 1990;44(5):263-6.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Nelson RG, Knowler, WC, McCance DR., Sievers ML. Pettitt DJ. Charles MA.,  et al. Determinants of end-stage renal disease in Pima Indians with type  2(noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and proteinuria. Diabetolog&iacute;a  1993;36(10):1087-93.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Hossein-Nia M, Mellote GJ, Foxall P, Bending MR, Holt DW. Urinary protein  excretion and the diagnosis of graft rejection or renal dysfunction in  renal transplant patients. Hum Exp Toxicol 1993;12(5):407-9.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Salabarr&iacute;a JR, Solar J, Rosa O de la. C&aacute;lculo del filtrado  glomerular en ni&ntilde;os a partir de la concentraci&oacute;n de creatinina  plasm&aacute;tica. Rev Cubana Pediatr 1985;57.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Perrone RD. Means of clinical evaluation of renal disease progression.  Kidney Int 1992;41 Suppl 36:S26-S32.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Levey AS, Madaio MP, Perrone RD. Laboratory assessment of renal disease.  En: Brenner BM, Rector FC Jr. eds. The kidney. ed. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders,  1990;919-68.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Ginsberg JM, Chang BS Matarese RA, Garella S. Use of single voided urine  samples to estimated quantitative proteinuria. N Engl J Med 1980;309:1543-6.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Sessoms S, Mehta K, Kovarsky J. Quantitation of proteinuria in systemic  lupus erythematosus by use of a random sport urine collection. Arth Rheum  1983;918-20.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Lehman JJ Doumas BT. Proteinuria in health and disease assessed by measuring  the urinary proteins/creatinine ratio. Clin Chem 1987;33:297-9.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Yoshimoto M, Tsukahara H, Saito M, Hayashi S, Haruki S, Fujisawa, et al.  Evaluation of variability of proteinuria indexes. Pediatr Nephrol 1990;4:136-9.</LI>    <!-- ref --><LI>  Chahar OP, Bundella B, Chahar CK, Puohit M. Quantitation of proteinuria  by use of single random spot urine collection. 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Hospital Pedi&aacute;trico  Docente "Juan Manuel M&aacute;rquez", Avenida 31 y 76, municipio Marianao  CP 11 400, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.  <OL>  <LI VALUE="1">  <A NAME="autores"></A>Jefe del Servicio Laboratorio Cl&iacute;nico.</LI>        <LI>  Especialista en Laboratorio Cl&iacute;nico.</LI>        <LI>  Licenciado en Ciencias Biol&oacute;gicas.</LI>      </OL>          ]]></body><back>
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