<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1025-028X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Vaccimonitor]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Vaccimonitor]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1025-028X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Finlay Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1025-028X2005000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Infección por Helicobacter pylori en la Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.Prevalencia de las cepas cagA positivas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori infection in Havana, Cuba. Prevalence and cagA status of the strains]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Beatriz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teresita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valmaña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camou-Juncas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christine]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mégraud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Françis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nery]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leonard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ibrahim]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rolando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Canel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Osvaldo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paniagua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María del Pilar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Academia de Ciencias de La República Dominicana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santo Domingo ]]></addr-line>
<country>República Dominicana</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Finlay  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana, ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba.</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Laboratoire de Bactériologie  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bordeaux ]]></addr-line>
<country>France.</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Oncología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,CCE Hospital Universitario Calixto García  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Gastroenterología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A07">
<institution><![CDATA[,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sydney ]]></addr-line>
<country>Australia.</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1025-028X2005000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1025-028X2005000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1025-028X2005000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Existe una gran falta de información acerca de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en los países de la región del Caribe. Nuestros objetivos en este estudio fueron determinar la prevalencia, la resistencia a los antibióticos y los factores de virulencia de la bacteria. La medida de la prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori se determinó en un grupo de pacientes a los que se les practicó una endoscopia en tres centros hospitalarios de La Ciudad de La Habana, lo que nos permitió evaluar la resistencia a la claritromicina y la presencia de cagA + en las cepas obtenidas. De las endoscopias realizadas se obtuvieron 117 biopsias gástricas, procedentes de tres centros hospitalarios de La Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba: Instituto de Oncología, Instituto de Gastroenterología y el Hospital Calixto García. Las biopsias fueron mantenidas a -70 ºC para posterior cultivo en tres medios diferentes (dos selectivos y uno no selectivo) y su posterior incubación por 7 días a 37 ºC en una atmósfera de microaerofilia. La presencia de H. pylori fue identificada por la presencia de diferentes enzimas (oxidasa, catalasa, ureasa). Se realizó la extracción del DNA y la PCR, donde se utilizó el primer H2761676 y se amplificó con 397 fragmentos del gen cagA. La susceptibilidad a la claritromicina fue medida por el método de difusión en gel. Diagnóstico endoscópico: (1) cáncer gástrico; (19) úlcera duodenal; (8) úlcera gástrica; (89) dispepsias no ulcerosas, incluyendo (62) gastritis; (9) hernia hiatal; (2) reflujo biliar; (1) pólipo gástrico; (15) panendoscopias normales. Del total de 117 biopsias realizadas, 83 fueron positivas a la infección por H.pylori (70,9% ). De las 35 cepas a las que se les realizó presencia de cagA+ resultaron positivas 31 (88,5%). Solo el 3% de las cepas fueron resistentes a la claritromicina. La prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori en la población sintomática de La Ciudad de La Habana es la misma que la reportada en países desarrollados. La mayoría de las cepas fueron cagA positivas y son probablemente el puerto de la Isla de patogenicidad (cagPAI). La baja resistencia a la claritromicina en las cepas estudiadas, probablemente refleja la escasa utilización de este antibiótico en la población estudiada.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[There is a great paucity of information about Helicobacter pylori infection in the countries of the Caribbean basin. Almost no studies have been performed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance or virulence factors of the bacterium. To measure the prevalence of H. pylori infection among patients attending endoscopy in three clinics in Havana, Cuba, to evaluate clarithromycin resistance, and to determine the cagA status of the strains obtained. Endoscopy was performed and biopsies were obtained from 117 successive patients attending the Institute of Oncology, the Institute of Gastroenterology, and the Calixto Garcia Hospital in Havana, Cuba. Biopsies were maintained at -70 ºC before being cultured on three different media (two selective and one non-selective) and incubated for 7 days at 37 °C under a microaerobic atmosphere. The presence of H. pylori was identified by oxidase, catalase and urease activities. DNA was extracted, and PCR was performed with primers H2761676 which amplify a 397 bp fragment of the cagA gene. Clarithromycin susceptibility was measured by the gel diffusion method. The diagnoses of patients were: 1 gastric carcinoma; 19 duodenal ulcers; 8 gastric ulcers; and 89 non-ulcer dyspepsia, including (62) gastritis, (9) hiatal hernia,(2) biliary reflux, (1) gastric polyps, and (15) no abnormality. Among the 117 biopsies tested, 83 were H. pylori positive (70.9%). The cagA status determined for 35 cases gave a positive result in 31 cases (88.5%). Only 3% of the strains were resistant to clarithromycin.The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the symptomatic population of La Habana is the same as reported for other developing countries. Most strains were cagA positive and are likely harbour the cag pathogenicity island. The low resistance to clarithromycin in the strains studied probably reflects the low degree of use of the antibiotic in this population.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[H. pylori]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[prevalencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diagnóstico endoscópico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[H. pylori]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[prevalence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[endoscopic diagnosis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><strong>ARTICULOS ORIGINALES</strong></font></p>     <p align="right">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="right"><font size="4" face="Verdana"><strong>Infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori en la Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.Prevalencia de las  cepas cagA positivas.</strong></font></p>     <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="right">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="right"><font size="3" face="Verdana"><strong>Helicobacter pylori infection in Havana, Cuba. Prevalence   and cagA status of the strains.<br /> </strong></font></p>     <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><strong>Beatriz Guti&eacute;rrez1,2,3, Teresita Vidal2,3, Carlos Ernesto Valma&ntilde;a2,3, Christine Camou-Juncas3, Adriana   Santos3, Fran&ccedil;is M&eacute;graud3, Nery Gonz&aacute;lez4, Ibrahim Leonard4, Rolando Mart&iacute;nez5, Osvaldo D&iacute;az-Canel5,  Manuel Paniagua6, Mar&iacute;a del Pilar Escobar6 and George L. Mendez3,7.</strong><br /> </font></p>     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana">1Academia de Ciencias de La Rep&uacute;blica Dominicana, Santo Domingo, Rep&uacute;blica Dominicana.<br />  2Instituto Finlay, Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n-Producci&oacute;n de Vacunas, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.<br />  3Laboratoire de Bact&eacute;riologie,Universit&eacute; Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.<br />  4.Instituto de Oncolog&iacute;a, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.<br />  5 CCE Hospital Universitario Calixto Garc&iacute;a, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.<br />  6Instituto de Gastroenterolog&iacute;a, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.<br />  7School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New Sout Wales, Sydney, Australia.<br />  E-mail: <a href="mailto:begu@infomed.sld.cu">begu@infomed.sld.cu</a></font></p> <hr />     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><br />  Existe una gran falta de informaci&oacute;n acerca de la infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori en los pa&iacute;ses de la   regi&oacute;n del Caribe. Nuestros objetivos en este estudio fueron determinar la prevalencia, la resistencia a   los antibi&oacute;ticos y los factores de virulencia de la bacteria. La medida de la prevalencia de la infecci&oacute;n   por H. pylori se determin&oacute; en un grupo de pacientes a los que se les practic&oacute; una endoscopia en tres   centros hospitalarios de La Ciudad de La Habana, lo que nos permiti&oacute; evaluar la resistencia a la   claritromicina y la presencia de cagA + en las cepas obtenidas. De las endoscopias realizadas se   obtuvieron 117 biopsias g&aacute;stricas, procedentes de tres centros hospitalarios de La Ciudad de La   Habana, Cuba: Instituto de Oncolog&iacute;a, Instituto de Gastroenterolog&iacute;a y el Hospital Calixto Garc&iacute;a. Las   biopsias fueron mantenidas a &ndash;70 &ordm;C para posterior cultivo en tres medios diferentes (dos selectivos y   uno no selectivo) y su posterior incubaci&oacute;n por 7 d&iacute;as a 37 &ordm;C en una atm&oacute;sfera de microaerofilia. La   presencia de H. pylori fue identificada por la presencia de diferentes enzimas (oxidasa, catalasa,  ureasa). Se realiz&oacute; la extracci&oacute;n del DNA y la PCR, donde se utiliz&oacute; el primer H2761676 y se amplific&oacute;   con 397 fragmentos del gen cagA. La susceptibilidad a la claritromicina fue medida por el m&eacute;todo de   difusi&oacute;n en gel. Diagn&oacute;stico endosc&oacute;pico: (1) c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico; (19) &uacute;lcera duodenal; (8) &uacute;lcera g&aacute;strica;  (89) dispepsias no ulcerosas, incluyendo (62) gastritis; (9) hernia hiatal; (2) reflujo biliar; (1) p&oacute;lipo   g&aacute;strico; (15) panendoscopias normales. Del total de 117 biopsias realizadas, 83 fueron positivas a la   infecci&oacute;n por H.pylori (70,9% ). De las 35 cepas a las que se les realiz&oacute; presencia de cagA+ resultaron   positivas 31 (88,5%). Solo el 3% de las cepas fueron resistentes a la claritromicina. La prevalencia de   la infecci&oacute;n por H. pylori en la poblaci&oacute;n sintom&aacute;tica de La Ciudad de La Habana es la misma que la   reportada en pa&iacute;ses desarrollados. La mayor&iacute;a de las cepas fueron cagA positivas y son probablemente   el puerto de la Isla de patogenicidad (cagPAI). La baja resistencia a la claritromicina en las cepas<br />  estudiadas, probablemente refleja la escasa utilizaci&oacute;n de este antibi&oacute;tico en la poblaci&oacute;n estudiada.<br /> </font></p>     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><strong>Palabras claves:</strong> H. pylori, prevalencia, diagn&oacute;stico endosc&oacute;pico </font></p> <hr />     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana">There is a great paucity of information about Helicobacter pylori infection in the countries of   the Caribbean basin. Almost no studies have been performed to determine the prevalence,  antibiotic resistance or virulence factors of the bacterium. To measure the prevalence of H.  pylori infection among patients attending endoscopy in three clinics in Havana, Cuba, to   evaluate clarithromycin resistance, and to determine the cagA status of the strains obtained.  Endoscopy was performed and biopsies were obtained from 117 successive patients attending   the Institute of Oncology, the Institute of Gastroenterology, and the Calixto Garcia Hospital in   Havana, Cuba. Biopsies were maintained at &ndash;70 &ordm;C before being cultured on three different   media (two selective and one non-selective) and incubated for 7 days at 37 &deg;C under a   microaerobic atmosphere. The presence of H. pylori was identified by oxidase, catalase and   urease activities. DNA was extracted, and PCR was performed with primers H2761676 which   amplify a 397 bp fragment of the cagA gene. Clarithromycin susceptibility was measured by   the gel diffusion method. The diagnoses of patients were: 1 gastric carcinoma; 19 duodenal<br />  ulcers; 8 gastric ulcers; and 89 non-ulcer dyspepsia, including (62) gastritis, (9) hiatal<br />  hernia,(2) biliary reflux, (1) gastric polyps, and (15) no abnormality. Among the 117 biopsies   tested, 83 were H. pylori positive (70.9%). The cagA status determined for 35 cases gave a   positive result in 31 cases (88.5%). Only 3% of the strains were resistant to clarithromycin.The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the symptomatic population of La Habana is   the same as reported for other developing countries. Most strains were cagA positive and are   likely harbour the cag pathogenicity island. The low resistance to clarithromycin in the strains   studied probably reflects the low degree of use of the antibiotic in this population.<br /> </font></p>     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><strong>Keywords:</strong> H. pylori, prevalence, endoscopic diagnosis</font></p> <hr />     <p align="justify" class="Estilo4 Estilo15"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Texto completo formato PDF </font></p>     <p align="justify" class="Estilo4 Estilo15"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>REFERENCIAS</strong></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1. Basso L, Clune J, Beattie S. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Rev Esp de Enferm Dig. 1990; 78 (Supl.1):40.<br />    <!-- ref -->   2. Boixeda de Miguel D, Mart&iacute;n de Argila C. Epidemiolog&iacute;a de la infecci&oacute;n por Helicobacter pylori. 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Seroprevalencia de Helicobacter pylori en &aacute;reas del Caribe. Santo Domingo, Rep&uacute;blica Dominicana. ConCiencia, Revista de Ciencias Naturales, F&iacute;sica y Tecnolog&iacute;a. 2005;1(1).<br />    <!-- ref -->   13. Y. Glupczynski. Culture of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Helicobacter pylori: techniques for clinical diagnosis &amp; basic research. Adrain Lee, Francis M&eacute;graud. 1996: 17-32.<br />    <!-- ref -->   14. A European study group on in vitro susceptibility of H.pylori to antimicrobial agents. Coordinators: Y. Glupczynski, F. M&eacute;graud, M. Lopez-Brea, L. Andersen. Results of a multicentre European survey of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori (1997-1998). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001. (sous presse).<br />    <!-- ref -->   15. M&eacute;graud. Probl&egrave;mes pos&eacute;s par la res&iacute;stanse de Helicobacter pylori aux antibiotiques. 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