<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1561-2953</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Endocrinología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cubana Endocrinol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1561-2953</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1561-29532010000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Dislipidemia y virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida/sida]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Dyslipemia and the HIV/AIDS]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castelo Elías-Calles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lizet]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Calero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teresa Margarita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,. Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología. Centro de Atención al Diabético. ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de La Habana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>202</fpage>
<lpage>222</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1561-29532010000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1561-29532010000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1561-29532010000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La epidemia por el virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (VIH) constituye un problema de la salud pública a nivel mundial. La morbilidad y mortalidad asociada al síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida) ha variado de forma significativa con el empleo de la terapia antirretroviral. Sin embargo, se ha visto afectada por los cambios que ocasiona en el metabolismo lipoproteico. Estos se caracterizan por la elevación de los niveles de lipoproteína de muy baja densidad y triglicéridos, el incremento del colesterol total, lipoproteína de baja densidad, y la disminución de los niveles de lipoproteína de alta densidad. La infección por VIH, asociada a otros factores inflamatorios, es un modelo de progresión de la aterosclerosis. El perfil lipídico proaterogénico en personas con VIH/sida constituye un alto riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedad coronaria. En este trabajo se revisó la contribución tanto de la infección por VIH como del efecto de la terapia antirretroviral en el metabolismo lipídico y su procedimiento terapéutico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The HIV epidemic is a public health problem at worldwide. The morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS have change in a significant way with the use of anti-retroviral therapy. However, it has been affected by the changes provoked in the lipoprotein metabolism, which are characterized by a rise of the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels and triglycerides, an increase of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL). HIV-infection associated with other inflammatory factors, is a progression model of atherosclerosis. The proatherogenic lipid profile in HIV/AIDS persons is a high risk for the development of the coronary disease. In present paper we analyzed the contribution of both the HIV-infection and the antiretroviral therapy effect on the lipid metabolism and its therapeutical procedure.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[terapia antirretroviral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[VIH/sida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dislipidemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[riesgo coronario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antiretroviral therapy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV/AIDS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dyslipemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[coronary risk]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div align="right">       <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B>REVISI&Oacute;N BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICA</B></font></p>       <p><B> </B></p> </div> <B>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="4">Dislipidemia y virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida/sida</font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="3">Dyslipemia and the HIV/AIDS </font>     <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Lizet Castelo El&iacute;as-Calles<SUP>I</SUP>;    Teresa Margarita Gonz&aacute;lez Calero<SUP>II</SUP></font> </B>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><SUP>I</SUP> Especialista de II Grado en Endocrinolog&iacute;a.    Investigadora Agregada. Profesora Auxiliar. Centro de Atenci&oacute;n al Diab&eacute;tico.    Instituto Nacional de Endocrinolog&iacute;a. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.    <br>   </font><font face="Verdana" size="2"><SUP>II</SUP> Especialista en Medicina    General Integral. Especialista de I Grado en Endocrinolog&iacute;a. Investigadora    Agregada. Instructora. Centro de Atenci&oacute;n al Diab&eacute;tico. Instituto    Nacional de Endocrinolog&iacute;a. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. </font>      <P>     <P>  <hr size="1" noshade> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><B>RESUMEN </B> </font>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La epidemia por el virus de inmunodeficiencia    adquirida (VIH) constituye un problema de la salud p&uacute;blica a nivel mundial.    La morbilidad y mortalidad asociada al s&iacute;ndrome de inmunodeficiencia    adquirida (sida) ha variado de forma significativa con el empleo de la terapia    antirretroviral. Sin embargo, se ha visto afectada por los cambios que ocasiona    en el metabolismo lipoproteico. Estos se caracterizan por la elevaci&oacute;n    de los niveles de lipoprote&iacute;na de muy baja densidad y triglic&eacute;ridos,    el incremento del colesterol total, lipoprote&iacute;na de baja densidad, y    la disminuci&oacute;n de los niveles de lipoprote&iacute;na de alta densidad.    La infecci&oacute;n por VIH, asociada a otros factores inflamatorios, es un    modelo de progresi&oacute;n de la aterosclerosis. El perfil lip&iacute;dico    proaterog&eacute;nico en personas con VIH/sida constituye un alto riesgo para    el desarrollo de enfermedad coronaria. En este trabajo se revis&oacute; la contribuci&oacute;n    tanto de la infecci&oacute;n por VIH como del efecto de la terapia antirretroviral    en el metabolismo lip&iacute;dico y su procedimiento terap&eacute;utico. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B>Palabras clave</B>: terapia antirretroviral,    VIH/sida, dislipidemia, riesgo coronario. </font> <hr size="1" noshade> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><B>ABSTRACT</B> </font>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">The HIV epidemic is a public health problem at    worldwide. The morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS have change in a    significant way with the use of anti-retroviral therapy. However, it has been    affected by the changes provoked in the lipoprotein metabolism, which are characterized    by a rise of the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels and triglycerides,    an increase of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL). HIV-infection    associated with other inflammatory factors, is a progression model of atherosclerosis.    The proatherogenic lipid profile in HIV/AIDS persons is a high risk for the    development of the coronary disease. In present paper we analyzed the contribution    of both the HIV-infection and the antiretroviral therapy effect on the lipid    metabolism and its therapeutical procedure. </font>     <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B>Key words</B>: antiretroviral therapy, HIV/AIDS,    dyslipemia, coronary risk. </font> <hr size="1" noshade>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="3"><B>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N </B></font><font face="Verdana" size="2">    </font>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La historia natural de la infecci&oacute;n por    el VIH ha cambiado notablemente con el empleo de la terapia antirretroviral    de gran actividad (TARGA). Sin embargo, existen evidencias del efecto adverso    del tratamiento sobre el metabolismo lip&iacute;dico y las alteraciones que    se producen en la composici&oacute;n corporal. Al inicio estas se describieron    con los inhibidores de proteasas (IP) y, m&aacute;s tarde, con los inhibidores    de la transcriptasa reversa de nucle&oacute;sidos (ITRNs) y los inhibidores    de la transcriptasa reversa no nucle&oacute;sidos (ITRNNs). </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La TARGA est&aacute; asociada a una marcada elevaci&oacute;n    de las VLDL, Tg, del CT, disminuci&oacute;n de las HDL-c, aumento de la apolipoprote&iacute;na    (apo) B-100, apo E y de la apo C lll y fallo en la tolerancia a la glucosa debido    a insulinorresistencia.<SUP>1-8</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La dislipoproteinemia (DLP) asociada a VIH/sida    es multifactorial y constituye un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones    macrovasculares (infarto de miocardio [IMA], enfermedad cerebrovascular [ECV]    y claudicaci&oacute;n intermitente) que afectan la calidad de vida.<SUP>1-8</SUP>    La atenci&oacute;n de la DLP es compleja tanto por la infecci&oacute;n como    por su tratamiento espec&iacute;fico. Motivados por la relevancia cl&iacute;nica    del tema y su frecuencia cada vez m&aacute;s elevada en las consultas de dislipidemias    de nuestra instituci&oacute;n, se realiza una revisi&oacute;n de la tem&aacute;tica.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">En la actualidad se describen seis tipos de agentes    antirretrovirales en dependencia del bloqueo del ciclo replicativo. Los inhibidores    se dividen en: inhibidores de transcriptasa reversa de nucle&oacute;sidos (ITRN),    inhibidores de transcriptasa reversa no nucle&oacute;sidos (ITNNR), de la proteasa    (IP), de la integrasa (II), de fusi&oacute;n (IF) y antagonistas de receptor    de quemoquinas (ARQ). De ellos, los m&aacute;s estudiados son los tres primeros    (<a href="#tab1">tabla</a>).<SUP>9</SUP> </font>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'><a name="tab1"></a>Tabla. </span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Tipos de tratamiento antirretroviral    según el mecanismo de acción</span></p> <table class=MsoTableWeb1 border=1 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0 align="center">   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Nombre</span><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'> </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Dosis</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Dosis máxima</span><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'> </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Efectos adversos</span><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'> </span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td colspan=5 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Inhibidores          de la transcriptasa reversa de nucleósidos (ITRNs)</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Abacavir          (Ziagen)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=SV   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>300-mg tableta    <br>         20-mg/mL oral </span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>600 mg     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>         300 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Reacción de hipersensibilidad </span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Didanosine          (Videx)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>125-mg, 200-mg, 250-mg, 400-mg          con cápsula entérica;    <br>         10-mg/mL suspensión</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>&#8805;60 kg: 400 mg    <br>         &lt;60 kg: 250 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Neuropatía periférica, pancreatitis,          nauseas, acidosis láctica</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Emtricitabine          (Emtriva)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>200-mg cápsula;    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>         10-mg/mL oral solución</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>200 mg o    <br>         240 mg (24 mL) oral solucion </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Toxicidad mínima, hiperpigmentación</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Lamivudine          (Epivir)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>150-mg, 300-mg tableta;    <br>         10-mg/mL oral solución</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>300 mg o    <br>         150 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Toxicidad mínima </span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Stavudine          (Zerit)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>15-mg, 20-mg, 30-mg, 40-mg cápsula;    <br>         1-mg/mL oral solución</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>&#8805;60 kg: 40 mg     <br>         &lt;60 kg: 30 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Neuropatía periférica, pancreatitis,          acidosis láctica , lipoatrofia, hiperlipidemia</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Tenofovir          (Viread)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>300-mg tableta</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>300 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=PT-BR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Náuseas, vómitos, diarreas, cefalea,          decaimiento, insuficiência renal.</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Zalcitabine          (Hivid)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>0,375-mg, 0,75-mg tableta</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>0.75 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Neuropatía periférica, pancreatitis,          acidosis láctica , </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;   font-family:Verdana'>pancreatitis, estomatitis</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Zidovudine          (Retrovir)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>300 mg tableta, 100 mg cápsula;    <br>         10 mg/mL oral solución;    <br>         10 mg/mL intravenoso </span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>300 mg o    <br>         200 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=PT-BR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Nauseas, vômitos, cefalea, decaimiento,          anemia, neutropenia</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td colspan=5 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Inhibidores          de la transcriptasa reversa no nucleósidos (ITRNNs)</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Delavirdine          (Rescriptor)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>100-mg, 200-mg tabletas</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>400 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Rash</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>, cefalea</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Efavirenz          (Sustiva)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>600-mg tableta;    <br>         200-mg cápsula</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>600 mg</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Rash</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>, somnolencia, confusión, alucinaciones          visuales</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Etravirine          (Intelence)<sup>d</sup> </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>100 mg tableta</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>200 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Rash</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>, náuseas</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Nevirapine          (Viramune)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>200-mg tableta;    <br>         10-mg/mL suspensión</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>200 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Rash</span></i><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>, hepatitis</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td colspan=5 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Inhibidor          de proteasa (IP)</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Atazanavir          (Reyataz)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>150-mg, 200-mg, 300-mg cápsula</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=PT-BR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>400 mg o    <br>         300 mg + ritonavir 100 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Hiperbilirubinemia indirecta, prolongación          del intervalo PR hiperglicemia</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Darunavir          (Prezista)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>400-mg, 600-mg tabletas</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=PT-BR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>800 mg + ritonavir 100 mg o 600          mg + ritonavir 100 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span   lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Rash</span></i><span   lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>, náusea, diarrea, hiperlipidemia,          hiperglicemia.</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Fosamprenavir          (Lexiva)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>700-mg tableta;    <br>         50-mg/mL oral suspensión</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=PT-BR   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>700 mg + ritonavir 100 mg o 1400          mg o 1400 mg + ritonavir 100-200 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span   lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Rash</span></i><span   lang=PT-BR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>, náusea, vómitos, diarrea,          hiperlipidemia, hiperglicemia.</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Indinavir          (Crixivan)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>100-mg, 200-mg, 333-mg, 400-mg          cápsula</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>800 mg     <br>         800 mg + ritonavir 100-200 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Nefrolitiasis, náausea, hiperbilirubinemia          indirecta, dislipidemia, hipergllicemia</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Lopinavir/ritonavir          (Kaletra)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>200-mg/50-mg tableta    <br>         80-mg/20-mg por mL oral solución</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>400 mg/100 mg o    <br>         800 mg/200 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Nausea, vómitos, diarrea, astenia,          dislipidemia, hiperglicemia</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Nelfinavir          (Viracept)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>250-mg, 625-mg tabletas</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>1250 mg PO o    <br>         750 mg</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Diarrea, dislipidemia, hiperglicemia</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Ritonavir          (Norvir)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>100-mg gelatina suave cápsula 80-mg/mL          oral solución</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>100-400 mg/d     <br>         Ritonavir: 600 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Náusea, vómitos, diarrea, astenia,          hiperlipidemia, parestesias , hiperglicemia</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Saquinavir          (Invirase)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>500-mg tableta;    <br>         200-mg gelatina dura cápsula</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>1000 mg + ritonavir 100 mg     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>         saquinavir </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Náusea, diarrea, cefalea, dislipidemia,          hiperglicemia</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Tipranavir          (Aptivus)<sup>*</sup></span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>250-mg gelatina suave cápsula</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>500 mg + ritonavir 200 mg     <br>         tipranavir </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Hepatotoxicidad, <i>rash</i>, dislipidemia,hiperglicemia,          hemorragia intracraneal (raro)</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td colspan=5 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Inhibidor          de la integrasa (II)</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Raltegravir          <sup>*</sup> (Isentress)</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>400-mg tableta</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>400 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Náusea, diarrea, cefalea, dislipidemia,          hepatotoxicidad, miopatia y rabdomiolisis</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td colspan=5 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Antagonista          del receptor de quemoquina (ARQ)</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Maraviroc          (Selzentry)<sup> *</sup> </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>150-mg, 300-mg tabletas</span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>300 mg     <br>         150 mg </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Náuseas ,mareos, altamente hepatotóxico,          infección, <i>rash</i></span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td colspan=5 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Fusion          inhibitor (FI)</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Enfuvirtide          (Fuzeon)<sup> *</sup> </span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>90-mg/mL para inyección</span></p>     </td>     <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>90 mg SC </span></p>     </td>     <td colspan=2 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span   style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Reacción en el sitio de inyección:          dolor, eritema, induración y nódulos)</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr>      <td colspan=5 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Combinaciones</span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr style='height:71.85pt'>      <td colspan=5 valign=top style='padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:71.85pt'>            <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Epzicom          - Abacavir (600 mg) + lamivudine (300 mg)     <br>         Trizivir - Abacavir (300 mg) + lamivudine (150 mg) + zidovudine (300 mg)              <br>         Truvada - Tenofovir (300 mg) + emtricitabine (200 mg)     <br>         Atripla - Tenofovir (300 mg) + emtricitabine (200 mg) + efavirenz (600          mg)     <br>         Combivir - Zidovudine (300 mg) + lamivudine (150 mg) </span></p>     </td>   </tr>   <tr height=0>      <td width=152 style='border:none'></td>     <td width=160 style='border:none'></td>     <td width=162 style='border:none'></td>     <td width=10 style='border:none'></td>     <td width=263 style='border:none'></td>   </tr> </table>     <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>* Se emplea    solo cuando hay resistencia</span></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P align="center">     <P align="center">      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B><font size="3">EFECTOS DE LA INFECCI&Oacute;N    POR VIH SOBRE LOS NIVELES PLASM&Aacute;TICOS LIP&Iacute;DICOS</font></B> </font>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Varias investigaciones confirman la presencia    de dislipidemia en pacientes con VIH/sida. Esta se caracteriza por el incremento    de los Tg y la disminuci&oacute;n de las LDL-c, HDL-c y CT.<SUP>1-3 </SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Estudios experimentales demuestran la existencia    de una asociaci&oacute;n entre los cambios lip&iacute;dicos y la respuesta inflamatoria,    en correspondencia con los niveles de Tg y el <font face="Symbol">a</font>-interfer&oacute;n.<SUP>4-6</SUP>    La infecci&oacute;n por el VIH causa una disfunci&oacute;n en el metabolismo    lip&iacute;dico mediado por citocinas (factor de necrosis tumoral alfa [TFN-alfa,    interleuquina-1). Los niveles de interfer&oacute;n alfa (INF-alfa) se elevan    particularmente en las &uacute;ltimas fases de la enfermedad, y se presentan    con una frecuencia m&aacute;s alta infecciones oportunistas agudas. <I>Baza</I>    y otros,<SUP>7</SUP><I> </I>asocian la hipertrigliceridemia y la disminuci&oacute;n    de HDL-c. Otros estudios reportan niveles bajos de LDL-c, &aacute;cidos grasos    (AG) y elevaci&oacute;n de los metabolitos del &aacute;cido araquid&oacute;nico.<SUP>8</SUP>    </font>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">El aumento de la s&iacute;ntesis hep&aacute;tica    de Tg, la disminuci&oacute;n de su catabolismo perif&eacute;rico por disminuci&oacute;n    de la actividad de la lipoproteinlipasa (LPL) y el aumento del TNF-alfa origina    hipertrigliceridemia de intensidad variable, &uacute;til para el pron&oacute;stico    del sida. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las citocinas afectan la reesterificaci&oacute;n    de los AG que se movilizan desde la periferia y junto con el glicerol forman    Tg a nivel hep&aacute;tico. Este proceso acompa&ntilde;ado de la lipog&eacute;nesis    hep&aacute;tica <I>&quot;de novo&quot;</I>, constituye un est&iacute;mulo para    la formaci&oacute;n y secreci&oacute;n de VLDL.<SUP>8</SUP> </font>      <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B><font size="3">EFECTOS DE LA TERAPIA ANTIRRETROVIRAL    EN LOS L&Iacute;PIDOS</font></B> </font>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La dislipidemia en personas VIH/sida depende    de la supresi&oacute;n viral en el momento del estudio, de la respuesta al agente    antirretroviral espec&iacute;fico que se relaciona con la susceptibilidad gen&eacute;tica<SUP>    9-12 </SUP>y de otros factores entre los cuales se encuentra el empleo de medicamentos,    el peso y el estilo de vida.<SUP>11-16 </SUP>Los niveles de CT, de Tg y de LDL-c    se relacionan con la incidencia de cardiopat&iacute;a isqu&eacute;mica. La presencia    de s&iacute;ndrome metab&oacute;lico se asocia a una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad    coronaria en estos pacientes.<SUP>5</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La aparici&oacute;n de eventos vasculares aterotromb&oacute;ticos    en pacientes j&oacute;venes que recib&iacute;an la TARGA (que inclu&iacute;an    IP), hizo sospechar por primera vez en 1998 que esta terapia induc&iacute;a    un perfil metab&oacute;lico adverso para el endotelio vascular.<SUP>1-8 15-17    </SUP>La infecci&oacute;n adicional por <I>Chlamydia pneumoniae</I> es otro    factor de riesgo de deterioro endotelial.<SUP>18</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Los IP, ITRNNs y los ITRNs causan dislipidemia.    Los IP producen elevaci&oacute;n hep&aacute;tica del HDL-c y de la apo B.<SUP>16    </SUP>Los ITRNNs aumentan la s&iacute;ntesis hep&aacute;tica de apo AI<SUP>17</SUP>    y los ITRNs provocan toxicidad mitocondrial de forma indirecta. </font>     <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B><font size="3">CAMBIOS METAB&Oacute;LICOS</font></B>    </font>      <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Los mecanismos que explican las alteraciones    metab&oacute;licas en personas con VIH/sida son la infecci&oacute;n v&iacute;rica,    el tipo de tratamiento antirretroviral, o ambos, por su efecto proinflamatorio    y proaterog&eacute;nico. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La infecci&oacute;n por VIH/sida desencadena    reacciones inflamatorias del sistema inmune e incrementa la estimulaci&oacute;n    <font face="Symbol">b</font>-adren&eacute;rgica del tejido adiposo, origina    lip&oacute;lisis e incrementa la disponibilidad de &aacute;cidos grasos a nivel    hep&aacute;tico, sustrato para la formaci&oacute;n de Tg y VLDL.<SUP>2,9-12    </SUP>Antes del empleo sistem&aacute;tico del tratamiento antirretroviral se    describ&iacute;an alteraciones metab&oacute;licas, diarrea cr&oacute;nica, desnutrici&oacute;n    y s&iacute;ndrome de desgaste.<sup>1 </sup>Las manifestaciones endocrinas se    originan por la lesi&oacute;n tisular, invasi&oacute;n glandular de microorganismos    oportunistas, tumores o por el VIH, que origina una disfunci&oacute;n hipot&aacute;lamo-hipofisaria.    </font>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La repercusi&oacute;n a nivel hipot&aacute;lamo-hipofisario    est&aacute; dada por las infecciones oportunistas (Citomegalovirus, <I>Criptococcus    neoformans</I> o <I>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</I>) que provocan disfunci&oacute;n    hipot&aacute;lamo-hipofisaria.<SUP>19-21 </SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">En ni&ntilde;os con VIH, se ha observado retraso    en el crecimiento con niveles de hormona del crecimiento (GH) normales y niveles    bajos de IGF 1 (Factor de crecimiento insul&iacute;nico). La respuesta de GH    al est&iacute;mulo con hormona liberadora de GH (GHRH) es normal.<SUP>22</SUP>    Los niveles de prolactina se elevan en condiciones basales y por el est&iacute;mulo    de la TRH (factor liberador de tirotropina). Todo ello se relaciona con el estr&eacute;s    f&iacute;sico, psicososial o consumo de opi&aacute;ceos en pacientes. Tambi&eacute;n    se ha encontrado hiperpigmentaci&oacute;n cut&aacute;nea por niveles altos de    alfa MSH <I>(</I>hormona melanocito-estimulante) o por la secreci&oacute;n de    un factor similar a la MSH.<SUP>23</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">En la neurohip&oacute;fisis se reporta diabetes    ins&iacute;pida central y nefrog&eacute;nica. La primera, por una toxoplasmosis    cerebral y un linfoma intracraneal, y la segunda, por el tratamiento del VIH/sida.    Los cuadros de secreci&oacute;n inadecuada de hormona antidiur&eacute;tica (SIADH)    son frecuentes en personas con sida y explican un tercio de las hiponatremias.<SUP>24,25</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La infecci&oacute;n del tiroides por agentes    oportunistas es rara y su hallazgo se ha confirmado en necropsias por invasi&oacute;n    por microorganismos oportunistas: Citomegalovirus (CMV), <I>Cryptococus neoformans</I>,    <I>Pneumocystis carinii</I>, <I>Aspergillus fumigatus </I>y sarcoma de Kaposi.<SUP>26</SUP>    <I>Lo Presti</I> y otros han definido un patr&oacute;n de disfunci&oacute;n    tiroidea en los pacientes con infecci&oacute;n por VIH, que se caracteriza por    niveles normales de T4 y TSH, disminuci&oacute;n de T3 reversa y elevaci&oacute;n    de la globulina transportadora (TBG).<SUP>27 </SUP>Existe una relaci&oacute;n    estrecha entre la elevaci&oacute;n de la TBG, la progresi&oacute;n de la enfermedad    y el descenso en los CD4. Este perfil posee utilidad cl&iacute;nica al considerar    a la TBG como marcador en la progresi&oacute;n de la infecci&oacute;n por VIH    y a los niveles de T3 como indicadores pron&oacute;sticos de sida.<SUP>28</SUP>    Las causas fundamentales relacionadas con las alteraciones funcionales descritas    son la interacci&oacute;n farmacol&oacute;gica (rifampicina), la enfermedad    autoinmune previa y la interacci&oacute;n con citoquinas (TNF). </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las alteraciones de las gl&aacute;ndulas paratiroideas    est&aacute;n vinculadas a la destrucci&oacute;n glandular por el CMV. Su interacci&oacute;n    junto al VIH en la resorci&oacute;n osteocl&aacute;stica, la interferencia farmacol&oacute;gica    del foscarnet, la hipomagnesemia asociada y el uso de opi&aacute;ceos, condiciona    cuadros cl&iacute;nicos de hipocalcemia o hipercalcemia.<SUP>29</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">En las suprarrenales se manifiestan dos alteraciones:    la insuficiencia adrenal primaria (por invasi&oacute;n y destrucci&oacute;n    tisular por microorganismos, tumores, interacci&oacute;n farmacol&oacute;gica    y procesos de autoinmunidad) y el hipercortisolismo como expresi&oacute;n del    s&iacute;ndrome de resistencia perif&eacute;rica al cortisol, en respuesta de    adaptaci&oacute;n al estr&eacute;s.<SUP>30-32</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">El hipogonadismo masculino resulta frecuente    en los pacientes con VIH (29-60 %). El estudio de las gonadotrofinas muestra    una secreci&oacute;n inapropiada, relacionada a los niveles de testosterona.    Solo en un peque&ntilde;o porcentaje de casos es posible identificar un claro    hipogonadismo hipogonadotr&oacute;fico, o hipergonadotr&oacute;fico.<SUP>33,34</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La amenorrea se observa aproximadamente en 25    % de las mujeres infectadas por el VIH y puede estar causada por la reducci&oacute;n    en la producci&oacute;n de gonadotropinas asociadas al estr&eacute;s de la enfermedad.    La anovulaci&oacute;n se asocia con la reducci&oacute;n de linfocitos CD4.<SUP>35</SUP>    </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Es m&aacute;s frecuente encontrar cambios en    el ciclo menstrual. La menopausia precoz se ha descrito en m&aacute;s de 8 %.<SUP>36</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las concentraciones de andr&oacute;genos est&aacute;n    habitualmente reducidas en las mujeres infectadas por el VIH. Se explica en    parte por la derivaci&oacute;n intrasuprarrenal hacia la producci&oacute;n de    cortisol y por la falta de producci&oacute;n de andr&oacute;genos, en particular    en las mujeres con p&eacute;rdida importante de peso. En estudios donde se administr&oacute;    testosterona en mujeres infectadas por el VIH, utilizando parche transd&eacute;rmico    para liberar en peque&ntilde;a dosis fisiol&oacute;gica de 150 &#181;g por d&iacute;a,    en el de mayor tiempo de seguimiento, la capacidad funcional y la fuerza mejoraron    de forma significativa y se observ&oacute; tendencia al aumento en la masa magra    sin signos de virilizaci&oacute;n acompa&ntilde;ado de la reducci&oacute;n del    HDL-c.<SUP>36,37</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"> Las alteraciones del metabolismo hidrocarbonato    se originan por el aumento de la aclaraci&oacute;n plasm&aacute;tica de insulina,    modificaciones en la sensibilidad de los tejidos perif&eacute;ricos e insulinorresistencia    con elevaci&oacute;n de las hormonas contrarreguladoras. Las citocinas interfieren    los procesos metab&oacute;licos hep&aacute;ticos y estimulan la gluconeog&eacute;nesis.    Se presenta hipoglucemia o hiperglucemia atribuible a f&aacute;rmacos (pentamidina,    sulfametoxazol, acetato de megestrol, didanosina), invasi&oacute;n de microorganismos,    o tumoral.<SUP>38,39</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las alteraciones nutricionales se presentan entre    50 y 90 %, pueden sufrir malnutrici&oacute;n por anorexia y malaabsorci&oacute;n.    La malnutrici&oacute;n var&iacute;a en su intensidad hasta convertirse en el    s&iacute;ndrome de consunci&oacute;n. Este &uacute;ltimo se caracteriza por    modificaciones en la composici&oacute;n corporal con p&eacute;rdida de masa    magra, de la masa celular corporal y d&eacute;ficit de vitaminas A, los beta-carotenos,    las vitaminas E, C, B<SUB>1</SUB>, B<SUB>6</SUB> y B<SUB>12</SUB>, y de oligoelementos    como zinc, selenio y cobre. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Se estima que los pacientes con infecci&oacute;n    por VIH presentan mejor&iacute;a cl&iacute;nica y mayor supervivencia si mantienen    un &iacute;ndice de masa corporal entre 25-30.<SUP>40</SUP> En general, ocurre    movilizaci&oacute;n y catabolismo acelerado de los carbohidratos, l&iacute;pidos    y prote&iacute;nas, para apoyar el proceso inflamatorio que causan las infecciones    oportunistas.<SUP>41-44</SUP> </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><I>Cambios en la composici&oacute;n corporal    del tejido adiposo</I> </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">En pacientes tratados con TARGA ocurren cambios    en la composici&oacute;n corporal. La alteraci&oacute;n en la distribuci&oacute;n    de la grasa corporal se manifiesta en el 50% de los casos que reciben IP o NRTIs.    Existen dos tipos de anomal&iacute;as en la distribuci&oacute;n de la grasa:    lipohipertrofia con c&uacute;mulo de tejido adiposo cervical, dorsocervical    y obesidad central; y lipodistrofia con disminuci&oacute;n del tejido celular    subcut&aacute;neo facial y en las extremidades o insulinorresistencia.<SUP>2-8</SUP>    </font>     <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B><font size="3">METABOLISMO LIP&Iacute;DICO</font>    </B> </font>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las alteraciones del metabolismo lip&iacute;dico    var&iacute;an en dependencia del tipo de tratamiento, en particular con el empleo    de los IP.<SUP>45 </SUP>Los IP inhiben las prote&iacute;nas transportadoras    de los elementos reguladores de esteroles (SERBP) y la degradaci&oacute;n de    las apo B. Al actuar sin&eacute;rgicamente, promueven la s&iacute;ntesis y secreci&oacute;n    de estas lipoprote&iacute;nas a nivel hep&aacute;tico.<SUP>45 </SUP>Otro mecanismo    que explica la dislipidemia es la reducci&oacute;n de la degradaci&oacute;n    de apo CIII y la actividad de la lipasa hep&aacute;tica.<SUP>45</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Estas alteraciones<SUP> </SUP>se caracterizan    por: </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Disminuci&oacute;n del HDL-colesterol    entre 25 y 35 mg/dL desde el inicio de la infecci&oacute;n en pacientes asintom&aacute;ticos.    Con la progresi&oacute;n de la enfermedad los niveles contin&uacute;an decreciendo    hasta alcanzar menos de 50 % del valor basal. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Elevaci&oacute;n de los niveles de Tg.<SUP>45</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Incremento de la VLDL, apoB-100 y de los    quilomicrones debido a la disminuci&oacute;n de la aclaraci&oacute;n plasm&aacute;tica    de Tg y a la disminuci&oacute;n de la actividad de la LPL.<SUP>45</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Aumento del CT por la disminuci&oacute;n    de la actividad de la lipasa hep&aacute;tica. </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Disminuci&oacute;n de los niveles de LDL-c    en etapas tempranas de la infecci&oacute;n en respuesta al tratamiento, y LDL    peque&ntilde;a y densa, similar a lo descrito en el s&iacute;ndrome metab&oacute;lico.<SUP>6,8,10</SUP>    </font>     <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="3"><B>DIAGN&Oacute;STICO</B> </font>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Para la evaluaci&oacute;n inicial del paciente    con dislipidemia es necesario realizar una historia cl&iacute;nica completa.    Al interrogatorio, determinar la presencia de antecedentes familiares de dislipidemia,    as&iacute; como los antecedentes patol&oacute;gicos personales de enfermedad    coronaria precoz, vascular perif&eacute;rica y enfermedad cerebral precoz. Al    examen f&iacute;sico, la presencia de arco corneal, lipemia retinalis: xantelasmas    u otro tipo de xantomas, sugiere la existencia de un trastorno primario.<SUP>45-54</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">En personas con VIH/sida es necesario determinar    la edad, el tiempo de evoluci&oacute;n de la enfermedad, la presencia de comorbilidades    y tipo de tratamiento. Se deben realizar determinaciones lip&iacute;dicas: CT,    LDL-c, VLDL, HDL-c, Tg en ayunas, apo A, apo B y Lp(a) (lipoprote&iacute;na    a) al inicio del tratamiento y repetirlo de 3 a 6 meses despu&eacute;s de iniciarse.<SUP>52-57    </SUP>Otros ex&aacute;menes se indican en dependencia de los hallazgos y el    tipo de f&aacute;rmaco a utilizar. </font>     <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="3"><B>TRATAMIENTO</B> </font>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Los pacientes con VIH/sida y dislipidemia presentan    mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedad coronaria. Sin embargo, el tratamiento    antirretroviral impide en muchas ocasiones el empleo de f&aacute;rmacos hipolipidemiantes    por las interacciones producidas entre ellos.<SUP>45,52-59</SUP></font>     <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B>Tratamiento no farmacol&oacute;gico</B> </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Incluye los cambios terap&eacute;uticos en el    estilo de vida: evitar el tabaquismo, practicar ejercicios sistem&aacute;ticamente    y evitar el consumo frecuente de bebidas alcoh&oacute;licas. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">La malnutrici&oacute;n es una complicaci&oacute;n    com&uacute;n de la infecci&oacute;n por VIH, aunque es multifactorial y corregible.<SUP>60</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Los objetivos de la terapia nutricional en pacientes    con infecci&oacute;n por VIH son: </font>     <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana" size="2">1. Preservar el tejido magro. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">2. Aportar los nutrientes necesarios para mantener    un correcto estado nutricional. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">3. Tratar la malabsorci&oacute;n. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">4. Ajustar el aporte nutricional en presencia    de infecciones oportunistas. En estas condiciones el gasto energ&eacute;tico    total disminuye, porque los pacientes tienen menos actividad f&iacute;sica y    consumen una menor cantidad de alimentos.<SUP>58 </SUP>Las estrategias desarrolladas    para revertir el s&iacute;ndrome de consunci&oacute;n incluyen el tratamiento    espec&iacute;fico de la infecci&oacute;n por VIH, de las infecciones oportunistas    y el establecimiento de un soporte nutricional adecuado. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">5. Mejorar la tolerancia a la medicaci&oacute;n    y otros tratamientos. </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">En la dislipidemia asociada al VIH/sida han sido    tomados del Primer Consenso Nacional de Dislipipoproteinemia los elementos siguientes:<SUP>61</SUP>    </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Las recomendaciones a realizar deben basarse    en los principios de una dieta saludable y asegurar una alimentaci&oacute;n    equilibrada, variada, suficiente, completa y balanceada, as&iacute; como garantizar    el aporte de todos los nutrientes esenciales. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Modificar los h&aacute;bitos alimentarios,    de tal manera que se asemejen a los criterios de una dieta cardiosaludable.    Este es un elemento importante que facilitar&aacute; las modificaciones de patrones    errados en la alimentaci&oacute;n, tanto a nivel individual como familiar, porque    el sujeto con DLP no debe llevar una alimentaci&oacute;n diferente (o especial)    a la de la poblaci&oacute;n en general. </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Aportar hidratos de carbono complejos    de absorci&oacute;n lenta y evitar el consumo excesivo de los hidratos de carbono    simples de absorci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida, por lo que se asegurar&aacute; la    ingesti&oacute;n de alimentos ricos en fibra diet&eacute;tica (frutas, vegetales,    legumbres, cereales integrales) con un aporte de 25 a 30 g de fibras por d&iacute;a.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Reducir el consumo de grasa total a menos    de 30 % de las calor&iacute;as totales de la dieta. Reducir a menos de 7 % el    aporte de grasa saturada. Hasta 10 % de grasa poliinsaturada y el resto de grasa    monoinsaturada. (por ejemplo, aceite de oliva) provocan disminuciones en los    niveles de Tg y LDL-c en sujetos sanos. Los &aacute;cidos grasos m&aacute;s    estudiados han sido los omega-3 de cadena larga. Se conoce que estos son beneficiosos    para la prevenci&oacute;n y el tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria.    Uno de los efectos m&aacute;s importantes de los &aacute;cidos grasos eicosanpentanoico    (EPA) y docosahexanoico (DHA), presentes en los aceites de pescado, es su efecto    cardioprotector. El EPA tiene efectos antitromb&oacute;ticos, a trav&eacute;s    de la inhibici&oacute;n de la s&iacute;ntesis de tromboxano A2, que causa agregaci&oacute;n    plaquetaria y vasoconstricci&oacute;n. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Estimular el consumo de prote&iacute;na    de soya reduce el CT, Tg y las LDL-c por las isoflavonas que la componen. Se    ha reportado, adem&aacute;s, su efecto positivo en la reducci&oacute;n de las    relaciones CT/HDL-c y LDL-c/HDL-c y el aumento de HDL-c. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Incluir frutas y vegetales en la dieta    ayuda a revertir la hiperlipidemia, altera la aterogenicidad de las part&iacute;culas    de LDL-c y protege el colesterol de las LDL-c contra la oxidaci&oacute;n. M&aacute;s    de dos tercios de los polifenoles consumidos en la dieta son flavonoides. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Limitar la ingesti&oacute;n de alimentos    ricos en colesterol a menos de 300 mg/d, preferiblemente menos de 200 mg/d.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; El consumo de &aacute;cidos grasos trans    no debe ser mayor que 1 % del total de calor&iacute;as provenientes de la dieta.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Limitar el consumo de alcohol. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Alcanzar el peso saludable del paciente.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Practicar de modo sistem&aacute;tico y    regularmente, una actividad f&iacute;sica y(o) deportiva al menos de 30 min    a 1 h (caminar, correr, nadar, montar bicicleta, entre otras) seg&uacute;n sus    posibilidades y la opini&oacute;n de su m&eacute;dico de atenci&oacute;n. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Recomendaciones culinarias:<SUP>61</SUP> </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Cocinar los alimentos con las t&eacute;cnicas    m&aacute;s sencillas, al vapor, a la plancha, horneados, y evitar el consumo    excesivo de alimentos fritos. Para su condimentaci&oacute;n utilizar hierbas    arom&aacute;ticas, vinagre, lim&oacute;n, potenciadores del sabor, entre otros.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Desnatar y descremar los productos l&aacute;cteos    que se ingieran. Consumir leche, queso y yogur, desgrasados. No consumir mantequilla,    preferir la margarina no comercial, ocasionalmente. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Limitar el consumo de grasas, tanto de    origen animal como vegetal y especialmente las grasas saturadas. Utilizar en    la elaboraci&oacute;n de los alimentos, solo aceites de semillas, de preferencia:    girasol, soya, oliva, ma&iacute;z, en una cantidad que no exceda 3 cucharadas    por d&iacute;a. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Evitar el consumo de &aacute;cidos grasos    trans, mantecas y margarinas comerciales (aceites hidrogenados), presentes en    productos de reposter&iacute;a y otros preparados con harina y grasa pastelera    o dulcera, incluidos los dulces rellenos con cremas de mantequilla y chocolate.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Limitar el consumo de yema de huevo a    tres veces a la semana. Para preparar huevos batidos utilizar las claras y desechar    las yemas (ejemplo: una tortilla con dos claras y una yema). </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Eliminar la grasa visible en las carnes    de carnero, cerdo y res; eliminar v&iacute;sceras y embutidos de todo tipo.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Consumir preferiblemente carnes blancas    (pollo y pavo), son m&aacute;s saludables y con un menor aporte de grasas, y    eliminar siempre la piel y la grasa visible. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Evitar los alimentos preparados con az&uacute;car.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Ingerir al menos tres veces a la semana    pescados de carne azul (sardinas, macarela, chicharro, jurel). </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Consumir frutas, verduras y leguminosas    (contienen antioxidantes, vitaminas, minerales y fibra diet&eacute;tica) y cereales    integrales (aportan prote&iacute;nas, minerales, oligoelementos y fibra diet&eacute;tica).</font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B>Tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico</B> </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Seg&uacute;n los criterios del NCEP basados en    los niveles de LDL-c se realizan las siguientes consideraciones:<SUP>45</SUP>    </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; En personas con antecedente de enfermedad    coronaria (EC) comenzar tratamiento no farmacol&oacute;gico si LDL-c e&#187;    100 mg/dL, y tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico cuando la LDL-c e&#187; 130 mg/dL.    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Sin EC y dos factores de riesgo o m&aacute;s,    se indican modificaciones diet&eacute;ticas. Si LDL-c e&#187; 160 mg/dL, se    utilizar&aacute;n drogas hipolipidemiantes </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">&#183; Sin EC, menos de dos factores de riesgo    y LDL-c e&#187; 160 mg/dL, se indica dieta. Si LDL-c e&#187;190 mg/dL, tratamiento    farmacol&oacute;gico. </font>     <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana" size="2">En general se recomienda iniciar la atenci&oacute;n    a estos pacientes con el tratamiento no farmacol&oacute;gico: cambios terap&eacute;uticos    del estilo de vida </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">En caso de utilizar estatinas o inhibidores derivados    del &aacute;cido f&iacute;brico, deben monitorearse los niveles s&eacute;ricos    de transaminasas previo al tratamiento y despu&eacute;s de este, cada 3 y 6    meses. La respuesta al tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico se evaluar&aacute; a    las 6 semanas de iniciado. </font>     <P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B><font size="3">HIPERTRIGLICERIDEMIA</font></B>    </font>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><I>Derivados del &aacute;cido f&iacute;brico</I>    (fibratos). Estimulan el factor de transcripci&oacute;n nuclear (PPARa), disminuyen    la producci&oacute;n de apo B-100 y favorecen la oxidaci&oacute;n de los &aacute;cidos    grasos, al disminuir el sustrato para la s&iacute;ntesis de triglic&eacute;ridos.<SUP>62</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Se indican cuando las cifras de triglic&eacute;ridos    son mayores que 500 mg/dl.<SUP>45,63</SUP> </font>     <P><img src="/img/revistas/end/v21n2/t0107210.gif" width="427" height="285">     
<P> <B>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Medicamentos m&aacute;s efectivos en pacientes    VIH positivos </font> </B>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Los fibratos son efectivos con los IP porque    las interacciones entre el fenofibrato y la TARGA son diferentes, as&iacute;    como el resultado de las investigaciones sobre su beneficio cardiovascular,    el fenofibrato es el fibrato m&aacute;s empleado en las personas infectados    por el VIH.<SUP>63-69 </SUP>No solo disminuye los Tg, tambi&eacute;n, la LDL-c,    la apo CIII, la apoB e incrementa la HDL-c, el tama&ntilde;o de la LDL-c y la    hace resistente a su oxidaci&oacute;n.<SUP>69</SUP> </font>     <P>      <P> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><I>Efectos adversos: Manifestaciones gastrointestinales  </I></font><I>     <P>  </I>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><I>Contraindicaciones</i>: Absoluta: litiasis    vesicular, hepatopat&iacute;a y en la Insuficiencia renal. Relativa: uso simult&aacute;neo    de inhibidores de HMG-CoA reductasa. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><I>&Aacute;cidos grasos omega-3</I>:<B> </B>el    aceite de pescado rico en &aacute;cidos grasos omega-3 (conceptuados como nutrac&eacute;uticos)    es recomendable (<I>American Heart Association y NCEP</I>) para los pacientes    con antecedentes de enfermedad coronaria 1 g/d de EPA y DHA hasta 4 g en los    casos de hipertrigliceridemia (bajo supervisi&oacute;n m&eacute;dica). Los &aacute;cidos    grasos omega-3 disminuyen los Tg y la oxidaci&oacute;n de las LDL-c e incrementan    las HDL-c.<SUP>70-75</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><I>&Aacute;cido nicot&iacute;nico</I>:<B> </B>varias    investigaciones (n&uacute;mero de casos reducidos) con niacina y &aacute;cido    nicot&iacute;nico de liberaci&oacute;n sostenida demuestran una reducci&oacute;n    de los Tg en 34 %, sin embargo, puede producirse intolerancia a la glucosa e    hiperuricemia aunque no se ha reportado diabetes mellitus.<SUP>69,76</SUP> </font>     <P>      <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P> <font face="Verdana" size="3"><B>HIPERCOLESTEROLEMIA </B></font>     <P><B> </B> <B>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Inhibidores de la HMG-CoA reductasa</font>  </B>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Son las drogas de primera l&iacute;nea para el    tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia. Adem&aacute;s tienen efectos pleiotr&oacute;picos,    muy beneficiosos para el paciente con riesgo cardiovascular: mejoran la disfunci&oacute;n    endotelial, reducen la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria y la expresi&oacute;n de    mol&eacute;culas de adhesi&oacute;n y modulan la respuesta inflamatoria.<SUP>45,52-57,77,78</SUP>    Su uso se dificulta por las interacciones con los IP porque interfieren con    las v&iacute;as metab&oacute;licas del sistema enzim&aacute;tico del CYP450.    Est&aacute;n contraindicadas la lovastatina y la simvastatina.<SUP>79 </SUP>Su    asociaci&oacute;n con los IP eleva el riesgo de rabdomiolisis.<SUP>79 </SUP>La    pravastatina es la que menos interacciones produce con los IP, seguida de la    atorvastatina y la rosuvastatina.<SUP>76,77</SUP> En presencia de darunavir,    los niveles de pravastatina aumentan. Se recomiendan dosis de 20 y 10 mg, respectivamente.<SUP>80-83</SUP>    La rosuvastatina se comporta de forma similar a la atorvastatina en presencia    de dosis m&aacute;xima de ritonavir-lopinavir.<SUP>84,85</SUP> Adem&aacute;s    se han descrito interacciones con los ITRNNs; el efavirenz disminuye el efecto    de la atorvastatina.<SUP>86</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">El raltegravir, inhibidor de integrasa se metaboliza    en el CYP3A y no interfiere con las estatinas.<SUP>87,88</SUP> </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las estatinas tienen como efectos secundarios    manifestaciones gastrointestinales, cefalea, astenia, mialgias, neuropat&iacute;a    perif&eacute;rica, e incremento de la transaminasa glut&aacute;mico pir&uacute;vica    (TGP) y transaminasa glut&aacute;mico oxalac&eacute;tica (TGO). </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><I>Contraindicaciones</I>: Absolutas: hepatopat&iacute;as,    en menores de 14 a&ntilde;os, embarazo, lactancia, miopat&iacute;as (incremento    de tres veces el valor normal de las TGO y TGP durante el tratamiento). Relativas:    reacciones de hipersensibilidad. Se recomienda evitar el uso simult&aacute;neo    de ciclosporina, fibratos, &aacute;cido nicot&iacute;nico, cumar&iacute;nicos,    macr&oacute;lidos, rifampicina y antif&uacute;ngicos. </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Los secuestradores biliares no se utilizan en    el tratamiento porque disminuyen la absorci&oacute;n y eficacia del tratamiento    antirretroviral y aumentan la trigliceridemia. </font>     <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B>Inhibidores de la absorci&oacute;n de colesterol</B>    </font>     <P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><I>Ezetimiba</I>: reduce la LDL-c, el Tg y eleva    la HDL-c. No interact&uacute;a sobre el citocromo P450, lo que permite asociarlo    a las estatinas </font> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> en la disminuci&oacute;n de la LDL-c y el CT.    Sin embargo, su empleo ha sido controversial en personas VIH. Se presenta en    tabletas de 10 mg como dosis diaria. El uso de ezetimiba en combinaci&oacute;n    con simvastatina en el estudio ENHANCE<SUP>89 </SUP>con VIH<SUP> </SUP>no demostr&oacute;    beneficios adicionales en comparaci&oacute;n con la simvastatina sola.<SUP>90</SUP>    El empleo de ezetimiba en pacientes con VIH tratados con pravastatina disminuy&oacute;    significativamente de los niveles de LDL-c, Tg y elev&oacute; los niveles de    HDL-c,<SUP>91</SUP> aunque estos hallazgos han sido contradictorios.<SUP>92</SUP>    </font>     <P><font face="Verdana" size="2">Al tener en cuenta la severidad de las anormalidades    lip&iacute;dicas en personas VIH, no es sorprendente que no se logren las metas    terap&eacute;uticas con un solo hipolipidemiante. Otra estrategia en el tratamiento    de la dislipidemia asociada al VIH/sida ha sido cambiar los agentes antirretrovirales    por aquellos que provoquen menores alteraciones sobre el metabolismo lip&iacute;dico.<SUP>92,93</SUP>    El cambio de la TARGA se reserva para aquellas personas que presentan anomal&iacute;as    lip&iacute;dicas con un r&eacute;gimen espec&iacute;fico, siempre y cuando el    cambio no afecte el control virol&oacute;gico e inmunol&oacute;gico.<SUP>94,95    </SUP>Los IP son los agentes que m&aacute;s se asocian a dislipidemia, en particular,    el ritonavir (IP) y la stavudine (INTRN), aunque el sexo y la raza tambi&eacute;n    influyen de manera independiente. En mujeres tratadas con nelfinavir y stavudine,    se eleva m&aacute;s la LDL-c que con zidovudine y los negros tienen un mayor    incremento de esta fracci&oacute;n. De los INRTs, el tenofovir ocasiona menores    trastornos lip&iacute;dicos.<SUP>96,97 </SUP>Adem&aacute;s, la sustituci&oacute;n    de ritonavir y liponavir por atazanavir disminuye los Tg.<SUP>98</SUP> Otro    aspecto importante del cambio de la TARGA es que puede eliminarse el tratamiento    hipolipidemiante con la mejor&iacute;a subsecuente del metabolismo lip&iacute;dico.<SUP>99-101</SUP>    </font>     <P>      <P>      <P>      <P>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P><font face="Verdana" size="2"><B><font size="3">REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</font></B>    </font>      <!-- ref --><P><font face="Verdana" size="2">1. Dronda F. Riesgo vascular en pacientes con    infecci&oacute;n cr&oacute;nica por el VIH: controversias con implicaciones    terap&eacute;uticas, cl&iacute;nicas y pronosticas. Enferm Infecc Microbiol    Clin. 2004;22:40-5. </font>    <!-- ref --><P><font face="Verdana" size="2">2. Kotler DP. HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy:    Lipid Abnormalities and Associated Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-Infected Patients.    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.&#160;2008;49(2):S279-S85. </font>    <!-- ref --><P><font face="Verdana" size="2">3. Vacarezza C., V&aacute;zquez PR, Larriera    S. Alteraciones del metabolismo lip&iacute;dico en pacientes infectados por    VIH. Revista M&eacute;dica Uruguaya. 2003;19(1):45-52. </font>    <!-- ref --><P><font face="Verdana" size="2">4. Constans J, Pellegrin JL, Peuchant E. 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