<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1726-6718</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cubana de Anestesiología y Reanimación]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev cuba anestesiol reanim]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1726-6718</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Ciencias Médicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1726-67182011000100004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Anticoagulantes y antiplaquetarios: consideraciones en el paciente quirúrgico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents: considerations in the patient operated on]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yanet]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muradás Augier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marilét]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sotolongo Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yolanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Nefrología Dr. Abelardo Buch López  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad Habana ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>21</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1726-67182011000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1726-67182011000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1726-67182011000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Introducción: Los fármacos modificadores de la hemostasia tienen múltiples indicaciones en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, por lo que con frecuencia el anestesiólogo se enfrenta a un paciente con éste tratamiento que requiere intervención quirúrgica. Objetivo: Actualizar la información sobre la conducta perioperatoria de los pacientes tratados con fármacos anticoagulantes y antiagregantes. Desarrollo: Para ello, se consultó la bibliografía relacionada con el tema a través de la red nacional de información médica y sus enlaces. El perioperatorio es un período de alto riesgo trombótico. Un paciente con riesgo y sin la adecuada cobertura antiagregante ó anticoagulante se enfrenta a un mayor riesgo de complicaciones cardíacas, cerebrales o vasculares periféricas. El concepto que el antiagregante se debe siempre suprimir, debe ser analizado, así como aquel que descarta la práctica de la anestesia regional en pacientes que requieren tromboprofilaxis, Toda estrategia debe ser individualizada y no sistematizada. Conclusiones: El anestesiólogo y el cirujano deben evaluar detalladamente el riesgo hemorrágico de la intervención quirúrgica, así como el riesgo trombótico de la supresión del fármaco anticoagulante ó antiagregante, siempre en el contexto particular de cada paciente en su circunstancia específica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The modifying drugs of the hemostasis have many indications in cardiovascular diseases, thus the anesthesiologist confronts a patient with this treatment requiring a surgical intervention. Objective: To update the information on perioperative behavior of patients treated with anticoagulant and antiaggregant drugs. Development: For that reason, the bibliography related to this subject through the Nation Network of Medical Information and its links. The perioperative is a period of high thrombotic risk. A patient at risk and without the proper antiaggregant or anticoagulant coverage faced a great risk of cardiac, cerebral or peripheral vascular complications. The concept that the antiaggregant drug must to be suppressed always must to be analyzed as well as those rule out the practice of the regional anesthesia in patients requiring thromboprophylaxis. All strategy must to be individualized and not systematized. Conclusions: The anesthesiologist and the surgeon must to assess in detail the hemorrhagic risk of the surgical intervention, as well as the thrombotic risk of the anticoagulant and antiaggregant drug suppression always in the particular context of each patient in its specific circumstance.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[anticoagulantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antiplaquetarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[paciente quirúrgico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anticoagulants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antiplatelet]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[surgical patient]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>ART&Iacute;CULO DE REVISI&Oacute;N</B></font></p>     <p align="left"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Instituto de Nefrolog&iacute;a &quot;Dr.    Abelardo Buch L&oacute;pez&quot; </font></p>     <p><B></B> <B>      <P><font size="4" face="Verdana">Anticoagulantes y antiplaquetarios: consideraciones    en el paciente quir&uacute;rgico</font>      <P> </B>     <P><b><font face="Verdana" size="3">Anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents: considerations    in the patient operated on</font></b>      <p>&nbsp;</p>     <P>      <P><b><font size="2" face="Verdana">Dra. Yanet P&eacute;rez Delgado<SUP>1</SUP>,    Dra. Maril&eacute;t Murad&aacute;s Augier<SUP>2</SUP>, Dra. Yolanda Sotolongo    Molina<SUP>3</SUP> </font></b>     <P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P>      <P>      <P>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><SUP>1</SUP>Especialista de Segundo Grado en    Anestesiolog&iacute;a y Reanimaci&oacute;n. Investigador Agregado. Instituto    de Nefrolog&iacute;a &quot;Dr. Abelardo Buch L&oacute;pez.&quot; Ciudad Habana.    Email: <a href="mailto:yanet.perez@infomed.sld.cu">yanet.perez@infomed.sld.cu</a>        <br>   </font><font size="2" face="Verdana"><SUP>2</SUP>Especialista de Primer Grado    en Anestesiolog&iacute;a y Reanimaci&oacute;n. Investigador Agregado. Instituto    de Nefrolog&iacute;a &quot;Dr. Abelardo Buch L&oacute;pez.&quot; Ciudad Habana.    <br>   </font><font size="2" face="Verdana"><SUP>3</SUP>Especialista de Segundo Grado    en Anestesiolog&iacute;a y Reanimaci&oacute;n. Profesor Auxiliar. Investigador    Agregado. Instituto de Nefrolog&iacute;a &quot;Dr. Abelardo Buch L&oacute;pez.&quot;    Ciudad Habana. </font>     <P>      <P>      <P> <hr size="1" noshade>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>     <P>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>RESUMEN </B></font><B></B> </p>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Introducci&oacute;n: </b>Los f&aacute;rmacos    modificadores de la hemostasia tienen m&uacute;ltiples indicaciones en las enfermedades    cardiovasculares, por lo que con frecuencia el anestesi&oacute;logo se enfrenta    a un paciente con &eacute;ste tratamiento que requiere intervenci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica.    <B>    <br>   Objetivo:</B> Actualizar la informaci&oacute;n sobre la conducta perioperatoria    de los pacientes tratados con f&aacute;rmacos anticoagulantes y antiagregantes.          <br> </font><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Desarrollo: </B>Para ello, se consult&oacute; la bibliograf&iacute;a relacionada    con el tema a trav&eacute;s de la red nacional de informaci&oacute;n m&eacute;dica    y sus enlaces. El perioperatorio es un per&iacute;odo de alto riesgo tromb&oacute;tico.    Un paciente con riesgo y sin la adecuada cobertura antiagregante &oacute; anticoagulante    se enfrenta a un mayor riesgo de complicaciones card&iacute;acas, cerebrales    o vasculares perif&eacute;ricas. El concepto que el antiagregante se debe siempre    suprimir, debe ser analizado, as&iacute; como aquel que descarta la pr&aacute;ctica    de la anestesia regional en pacientes que requieren tromboprofilaxis, Toda estrategia    debe ser individualizada y no sistematizada. <B>    <br>   Conclusiones: </B>El anestesi&oacute;logo y el cirujano deben evaluar detalladamente    el riesgo hemorr&aacute;gico de la intervenci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica, as&iacute;    como el riesgo tromb&oacute;tico de la supresi&oacute;n del f&aacute;rmaco anticoagulante    &oacute; antiagregante, siempre en el contexto particular de cada paciente en    su circunstancia espec&iacute;fica. </font>      <P>      <P>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Palabras clave: </B>anticoagulantes, antiplaquetarios,    paciente quir&uacute;rgico.</font>  <hr size="1" noshade>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">The modifying drugs of the hemostasis have many    indications in cardiovascular diseases, thus the anesthesiologist confronts    a patient with this treatment requiring a surgical intervention.    <br>   <b>Objective</b>: To update the information on perioperative behavior of patients    treated with anticoagulant and antiaggregant drugs.    <br>   <b>Development</b>: For that reason, the bibliography related to this subject    through the Nation Network of Medical Information and its links. The perioperative    is a period of high thrombotic risk. A patient at risk and without the proper    antiaggregant or anticoagulant coverage faced a great risk of cardiac, cerebral    or peripheral vascular complications. The concept that the antiaggregant drug    must to be suppressed always must to be analyzed as well as those rule out the    practice of the regional anesthesia in patients requiring thromboprophylaxis.    All strategy must to be individualized and not systematized.     <br>   <b>Conclusions</b>: The anesthesiologist and the surgeon must to assess in detail    the hemorrhagic risk of the surgical intervention, as well as the thrombotic    risk of the anticoagulant and antiaggregant drug suppression always in the particular    context of each patient in its specific circumstance. </font></p>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana"><b>Key words</b>: Anticoagulants, antiplatelet,    surgical patient. </font></p> <hr size="1" noshade>     <P>     <P>    <br>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B><font size="3">INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</font></B>    </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Entre los f&aacute;rmacos utilizados con mayor    frecuencia para la prevenci&oacute;n y el tratamiento de una amplia variedad    de enfermedades cardiovasculares, se encuentran los anticoagulantes y antiplaquetarios.    La conducta perioperatoria dista mucho de ser simple. La complicaci&oacute;n    m&aacute;s importante del tratamiento anticoagulante es la hemorragia y en algunas    situaciones la presencia de eventos hemorr&aacute;gicos graves que pueden sobrepasar    la eficacia del tratamiento antitromb&oacute;tico. Los protocolos var&iacute;an    dependiendo de una serie de factores como la presencia de v&aacute;lvulas card&iacute;acas    mec&aacute;nicas, edad del paciente y enfermedades asociadas, tipo y localizaci&oacute;n    del stent y tipo de procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico.<SUP>1-3</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>ANTAGONISTAS DE LA VITAMINA K (AVK). </B>Los    anticoagulantes orales son f&aacute;rmacos que producen su efecto al inhibir    la enzima responsable de reducir la vitamina K. Los niveles de vitamina K reducida    limitan su efecto como cofactor en la carboxilaci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas    de la coagulaci&oacute;n dependientes de la vitamina K (factores II, VII, IX    y X) y algunas prote&iacute;nas anticoagulantes (prote&iacute;nas C y S). En    la mayor&iacute;a de las circunstancias el efecto anticoagulante es predominante.    Los efectos de los AVK dependen de la vida media de los factores inhibidos que    resulta tan larga como 72 horas para el factor II (FII, protrombina) y tan corta    como 6-7 horas para el factor VII (F VII) y la prote&iacute;na C.<SUP>1,2</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Se emplean en los casos en los que es necesaria    la anticoagulaci&oacute;n en pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar trombosis    como portadores de v&aacute;lvulas card&iacute;acas prot&eacute;sicas o pacientes    con trombosis o accidentes cerebrovasculares a repetici&oacute;n.<SUP>3-5</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Monitoreo de la anticoagulaci&oacute;n con    AVK:</B> El tiempo de protrombina (TP) permite evaluar 3 de los 4 factores dependientes    de la vitamina K (FII,VII y X). El test se efect&uacute;a a&ntilde;adiendo calcio    y tromboplastina al plasma citratado, pero las tromboplastinas var&iacute;an    en su respuesta, por tanto, la expresi&oacute;n del TP en segundos o como porcentaje    de un valor normal, conduce a confusi&oacute;n en la determinaci&oacute;n del    rango terap&eacute;utico y en la interpretaci&oacute;n de los valores. Es por    esto que se propone el INR (Internacional Normalizad Ratio) para estandarizar    dicho monitoreo. El rango terap&eacute;utico del INR depende de la indicaci&oacute;n    del tratamiento, en la mayor&iacute;a de los casos oscila entre 2 y 3.<SUP>5</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Conducta perioperatorio:</B> Est&aacute; basado    en la estratificaci&oacute;n del riesgo tromboemb&oacute;lico <SUP>5-11 </SUP>que    podr&iacute;a resumirse de la siguiente manera: </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Pacientes con alto riesgo. </font> <ul>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">Pr&oacute;tesis valvular cardiaca en posici&oacute;n      mitral, viejos modelos, 2 v&aacute;lvulas prot&eacute;sicas. </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">Fibrilaci&oacute;n auricular (FA) cr&oacute;nica      asociada a valvulopat&iacute;a mitral con dilataci&oacute;n auricular izquierda      o antecedente de accidente cerebrovascular. </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">Antecedente de episodio tromboemb&oacute;lico      en per&iacute;odo menor de 3 meses. </font></li>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[</ul>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En estos casos la terapia de sustituci&oacute;n    es obligatoria (terapia puente, &quot;bridging therapy&quot;). Se suspende el    AVK 3-5 d&iacute;as antes del procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico y se inicia la    administraci&oacute;n de heparina de bajo peso molecular (HBPM), a dosis terap&eacute;utica    &oacute; profil&aacute;ctica, administr&aacute;ndose la &uacute;ltima dosis    24 horas antes de la intervenci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica. <SUP>12,13</SUP>    Si el proce dimiento quir&uacute;rgico implica alto riesgo hemorr&aacute;gico    se utiliza heparina no fraccionada (HNF) 800-1000UI/hora en infusi&oacute;n    intravenosa que se suspende entre 4 y 6 horas previas.<SUP>14,15</SUP> El INR    debe ser <font face="Symbol">&pound;</font>1,5-1,3. Se contin&uacute;a con la    HBPM en el postoperatorio a partir de las 6 horas, manteni&eacute;ndose a dosis    profil&aacute;ctica durante los dos d&iacute;as siguientes <SUP>16</SUP>, reinici&aacute;ndose    el AVK despu&eacute;s de las 24 horas. <SUP>12,13</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Pacientes con riesgo moderado. </font> <ul>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">Pr&oacute;tesis valvular de modelo reciente      en posici&oacute;n mitral &oacute; viejos modelos en posici&oacute;n a&oacute;rtica.      </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">FA sin antecedentes de tromboembolismo (TE).      </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">Antecedente de tromboembolismo en un per&iacute;odo      de 3-6 meses previos. </font></li>     </ul>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Las condiciones anteriores se asocian a 2 &oacute;    m&aacute;s de los siguientes factores de riesgo: insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva,    hipertensi&oacute;n arterial, edad &gt; 75 a&ntilde;os, diabetes mellitus y    antecedente de accidente cerebrovascular. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En tales casos se recomienda la terapia puente    utiliz&aacute;ndose HBPM en dosis profil&aacute;ctica. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Pacientes con bajo riesgo</B> </font> <ul>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li><font size="2" face="Verdana">Pr&oacute;tesis valvular cardiaca de modelo      reciente en posici&oacute;n a&oacute;rtica. </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">FA si otro factor de riesgo. </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">Antecedente de TE en un per&iacute;odo mayor      de 6 meses. </font></li>     </ul>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En estos casos la terapia de sustituci&oacute;n    es opcional. Se suspende el AVK 3-5 d&iacute;as antes hasta lograr INR = 1,5-1,3;    la HBPM se administra en el postoperatorio en dosis profil&aacute;ctica, reinici&aacute;ndose    el anticoagulante oral a partir de las 24 horas siguientes al procedimiento    quir&uacute;rgico. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Reversi&oacute;n de la anticoagulaci&oacute;n    con AVK: </B>Debido a su casi completa absorci&oacute;n, la vitamina K por v&iacute;a    oral (VO) es tan efectiva como por v&iacute;a endovenosa (EV) si se toma en    cuenta el retardo de la acci&oacute;n. La dosis usual es de 1,25 -2,5 mg VO,    revirti&eacute;ndose la anticoagulaci&oacute;n en 24 horas. Por v&iacute;a EV    la dosis oscila entre 0,5 y 1mg (infusi&oacute;n lenta en 20- 30 minutos), normaliz&aacute;ndose    completamente el INR en 12- 16 horas.<SUP>17</SUP> </font>      <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Cirug&iacute;a emergente. En ella se debe    considerar:</B> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Plasma fresco congelado (PFC). Contiene todos    los factores de la coagulaci&oacute;n. La dosis recomendada es 10 ml/kg. El    volumen requerido puede ser cr&iacute;tico para pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular.    Se puede presentar falta de correcci&oacute;n del Factor IX, particularmente    en situaciones de sobrecoagulaci&oacute;n (INR&gt;5). No es sensible el INR    a los niveles del mismo, la correcci&oacute;n de la anticoagulaci&oacute;n puede    ser sobreestimada. <SUP>3</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Concentrado de complejo protromb&iacute;nico    (CCP). Contiene factores de la coagulaci&oacute;n dependientes de vitamina K,    algunos preparados contienen relativamente peque&ntilde;as cantidades de FVII.    Se obtiene del plasma, est&aacute; disponible en forma liofilizada que se reconstituye    en agua est&eacute;ril. Al igual que el factor VII recombinante activado (rFVIIa),    parece superior al PFC en rapidez de reducci&oacute;n del INR. La dosis habitual    es 50 mcg/kg EV lento, logr&aacute;ndose la reversi&oacute;n de la anticoagulaci&oacute;n    en 1 hora, generalmente una sola administraci&oacute;n es suficiente. Sus desventajas    son el alto costo y el riesgo tromb&oacute;tico potencial. <SUP>13,18</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Factor VII recombinante activado (rFVIIa). Glicoprote&iacute;na    vitamina K- dependiente elaborada bajo t&eacute;cnica de ADN recombinante. Dosis    recomendada: 100 mcg/kg, pero el rango var&iacute;a ampliamente (e/ 40 y 120    mcg/kg). Su vida media es corta, aproximadamente 2 horas, y la respuesta presenta    gran variabilidad interindividual. Aunque ha mostrado ser seguro, r&aacute;pido    y efectivo, se requieren estudios controlados para definir su eficacia en diferentes    situaciones cl&iacute;nicas.<SUP>13,19</SUP> </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Anestesia regional. </B>Se descontin&uacute;a    anticipadamente AVK y se documenta INR&lt;1,5. Se recomienda que la HBPM se    utilice en dosis profil&aacute;ctica. Debe detenerse 12 horas antes del proceder    espinal. En caso de dosis terap&eacute;utica el lapso debe extenderse a 24 horas.    La retirada del cat&eacute;ter debe realizarse 12 horas tras la &uacute;ltima    dosis de heparina y 2 horas antes de la siguiente dosis. Si se utiliza HNF la    manipulaci&oacute;n se debe retardar 4 horas y la administraci&oacute;n subsiguiente    1 hora tras la punci&oacute;n y colocaci&oacute;n &oacute; retirada del cat&eacute;ter.<SUP>15,20</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>HEPARINAS. </B>La heparina es un anticoagulante    indirecto, al ligarse a la antitrombina III (AT III), provoca un cambio conformacional    que acelera la capacidad inhibidora de la misma frente a los factores de coagulaci&oacute;n    IIa (trombina), Xa, IXa, XIa y XIIa. <SUP>21</SUP> Mediante la inactivaci&oacute;n    de la trombina, la heparina previene no s&oacute;lo la formaci&oacute;n de fibrina,    sino tambi&eacute;n la activaci&oacute;n, mediada por esta &uacute;ltima, de    las plaquetas y los factores V y VIII. <SUP>22 </SUP> Aumenta la permeabilidad    vascular<SUP> </SUP>y es capaz de unirse a las c&eacute;lulas endoteliales y    macr&oacute;fagos. <SUP>22</SUP> Las HBPM derivan de HNF por depolimerizaci&oacute;n    qu&iacute;mica &oacute; enzim&aacute;tica, al ser fragmentos m&aacute;s peque&ntilde;os,    no pueden unirse simult&aacute;neamente a la AT III y la trombina, y es por    esto que su actividad antitrombina es reducida en relaci&oacute;n con la actividad    anti FXa. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Ventajas de HBPM sobre HNF</B> </font> <ul>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">La reducida uni&oacute;n de HBPM a prote&iacute;nas      plasm&aacute;ticas y al endotelio vascular determina una mayor biodisponibilidad      que se traduce en un efecto anticoagulante m&aacute;s predecible en comparaci&oacute;n      con HNF. </font></li>     </ul>     <p><font size="2" face="Verdana">La HNF es aclarada mediante la combinaci&oacute;n    de un mecanismo r&aacute;pido pero saturable, y un mecanismo de primer orden    mucho m&aacute;s lento <SUP>(23)</SUP>. La fase saturable se cree debida a la    uni&oacute;n a c&eacute;lulas endoteliales y macr&oacute;fagos en los cuales    es depolimerizada.<SUP>23,24</SUP> El mecanismo m&aacute;s lento, no saturable,    es fundamentalmente renal. A dosis terap&eacute;utica, una proporci&oacute;n    considerable de la heparina es aclarada mediante el mecanismo r&aacute;pido,    saturable, dosis dependiente. Esta cin&eacute;tica hace que la respuesta anticoagulante    a la heparina no sea lineal a dosis terap&eacute;utica, de manera que la intensidad    y la duraci&oacute;n del efecto aumenta desproporcionalmente con el incremento    de la dosis. <SUP>24,25</SUP> Esto no ocurre con HBPM cuyo aclaramiento es fundamentalmente    renal y dosis- independiente.<SUP>24</SUP> </font></p> <ul>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">Las HBPM causan menos sangramiento que HNF      porque: </font></li>     </ul>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">1. la menor uni&oacute;n a prote&iacute;nas plasm&aacute;ticas    determina menor inhibici&oacute;n de la funci&oacute;n plaquetaria. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">2. las HBPM no aumentan la permeabilidad microvascular.    </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana">3. la menor afinidad por las c&eacute;lulas endoteliales,    adem&aacute;s de las plaquetas, no interfiere con la interacci&oacute;n plaqueta-pared    vascular. </font> <ul>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">La menor uni&oacute;n a plaquetas y factor      plaquetario 4 determina menor incidencia de trombocitopenia inducida por la      heparina. </font></li>       <li><font size="2" face="Verdana">La escasa uni&oacute;n a los osteoblastos      resulta en una baja incidencia de activaci&oacute;n osteocl&aacute;stica y      menores niveles de p&eacute;rdida &oacute;sea. <SUP>24</SUP> </font></li>     </ul>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Monitoreo de la anticoagulaci&oacute;n con    heparina. </B>El efecto anticoagulante de HNF se monitorea mediante el tiempo    parcial de tromboplastina activado (TPTa) cuando se administran dosis terap&eacute;uticas    habituales y mediante el tiempo de coagulaci&oacute;n activado (TCA) cuando    se emplean altas dosis en asociaci&oacute;n con intervenci&oacute;n coronaria    percut&aacute;nea &oacute; cirug&iacute;a con bypass cardiopulmonar, ambos tests    miden actividad antitrombina.<SUP>25</SUP> El rango terap&eacute;utico para    TPTa debe calibrarse espec&iacute;ficamente para cada lote del reactante as&iacute;    como el coagul&oacute;metro, determinando los valores del TPTa que se correlacionan    con niveles terap&eacute;uticos de heparina.<SUP>25</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Las HBPM<B> </B>habitualmente se administran    en dosis fijas como tromboprofilaxis &oacute; en dosis ajustadas seg&uacute;n    el peso corporal de manera terap&eacute;utica. La medici&oacute;n rutinaria    de la actividad anti-FXa no est&aacute; indicada. De hecho, se limita a grupos    espec&iacute;ficos de pacientes como obesos &oacute; insuficientes renales ya    que son potencialmente m&aacute;s susceptibles a la sobredosificaci&oacute;n    cuando se ajustan las dosis al peso corporal.<SUP>25-27</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Reversi&oacute;n del efecto de la heparina.    </B>Los efectos de la <B>HNF</B> pueden revertirse r&aacute;pidamente mediante    la administraci&oacute;n endovenosa (EV) de un bolo de sulfato de protamina,    1mg de protamina neutraliza aproximadamente 100 U de heparina administradas    en las &uacute;ltimas 2-3 horas.<SUP>28 </SUP> Habitualmente, se administran    25-30 mg de protamina. La dosis m&aacute;xima es de 50 mg. La vida media de    la protamina es alrededor de 10 minutos por lo que la reversi&oacute;n de dosis    terap&eacute;uticas de heparina subcut&aacute;nea requiere infusiones repetidas.<SUP>28-30</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">No existe un m&eacute;todo probado para neutralizar    las HBPM. La protamina neutraliza la actividad antitrombina y normaliza el TPTa    y tiempo de trombina; no obstante, parece neutralizar aproximadamente s&oacute;lo    60 % de la actividad anti-FXa de las HBPM.<SUP>31-34</SUP> Un enfoque pr&aacute;ctico    es administrar 1mg de protamina cada 100U anti-FXa en HBPM administradas en    las &uacute;ltimas 8 horas.<SUP>28</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Conducta perioperatorio. </B>Los intervalos    de administraci&oacute;n de HNF y HBPM para procedimientos anest&eacute;sicos    y quir&uacute;rgicos han sido descritos previamente. </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>ANTIAGREGANTES PLAQUETARIOS. </B>F&aacute;rmacos    que, como su nombre lo indica, inhiben el proceso de agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria    a trav&eacute;s de mecanismos diferentes seg&uacute;n su grupo farmacol&oacute;gico.    <SUP>35 </SUP>Se utilizan para la prevenci&oacute;n primaria en pacientes con    riesgo cardiovascular o neurol&oacute;gico y como prevenci&oacute;n secundaria    en pacientes con antecedentes de complicaciones cardiovasculares o neurol&oacute;gicas;    por ejemplo en el infarto mioc&aacute;rdico agudo, la angina inestable, en pacientes    intervenidos de cirug&iacute;a vascular, en la fibrilaci&oacute;n auricular    y en algunos pacientes con valvulopat&iacute;as. Igualmente en fase aguda del    infarto cerebral y en la prevenci&oacute;n secundaria de los accidentes cerebrovasculares    en pacientes con cardiopat&iacute;a embol&iacute;gena. <SUP>36-38</SUP> Es preciso    se&ntilde;alar que la respuesta individual a los antiagregantes plaquetarios    (AAP) es variable, por lo que no existe un patr&oacute;n universal v&aacute;lido    para todos los pacientes, de modo que el conducta perioperatorio debe estar    basado en la relaci&oacute;n riesgo-beneficio, es decir, la estratificaci&oacute;n    del riesgo hemorr&aacute;gico de la intervenci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica y    del riesgo tromb&oacute;tico de la supresi&oacute;n del antiagregante en el    contexto particular de cada paciente en su circunstancia espec&iacute;fica.<SUP>39-42</SUP>    </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En una larga serie de pacientes con s&iacute;ndromes    coronarios agudos, el sangramiento asociado con la anticoagulaci&oacute;n se    relacion&oacute; con un incremento de 5 veces el riesgo de muerte en los primeros    30 d&iacute;as y un incremento de 1,5 veces mayor mortalidad entre los 30 d&iacute;as    y 6 meses. <SUP>43 </SUP> Con respecto al riesgo tromb&oacute;tico, se plantea    que aproximadamente 5 % de las isquemias coronarias agudas, cerebrales o perif&eacute;ricas,    se atribuyen a la interrupci&oacute;n de los AAP.<SUP>44</SUP> La recurrencia    del tromboembolismo arterial es fatal en 20 % de los casos y causa discapacidad    permanente en al menos 50 % de los pacientes <SUP>45</SUP>, mientras s&oacute;lo    9-13 % de los eventos de sangrado mayor son fatales y raramente causan incapacidad    permanente. <SUP>46</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En particular en pacientes con stent coronario    reciente (6- 12 semanas) es preferible no interrumpir el tratamiento. <SUP>47    </SUP>En este per&iacute;odo la re-endotelizaci&oacute;n del stent no ha conclu&iacute;do    y los pacientes son muy vulnerables a la oclusi&oacute;n tromb&oacute;tica aguda    del mismo. En pacientes con stent liberador de f&aacute;rmacos este per&iacute;odo    podr&iacute;a ser incluso m&aacute;s largo (12 meses). En casos con stent met&aacute;lico,    si es posible, se retarda el procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico por 3 meses posteriores    a la colocaci&oacute;n del stent. Si el procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico es urgente    y han transcurrido menos de 6 semanas, debe mantenerse la terapia antiplaquetaria    dual (ASA+clopidogrel). En pacientes portadores de stent liberador de f&aacute;rmacos,    la terapia antiplaquetaria dual es obligatoria durante los 6 meses siguientes,    si es posible se retrasa el procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico 12 meses despu&eacute;s    de su colocaci&oacute;n, si es urgente y han transcurrido m&aacute;s de 6 meses    se contin&uacute;a ASA &gt; 81 mg/d&iacute;a y se suspende el clopidogrel 5    d&iacute;as antes de la intervenci&oacute;n restituy&eacute;ndose tan r&aacute;pido    como sea posible en el postoperatorio.<SUP>42,48</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Fuera del contexto anterior, en procederes quir&uacute;rgicos    de bajo riesgo hemorr&aacute;gico el &aacute;cido acetil salic&iacute;lico (ASA)    puede ser mantenido a dosis &lt; 325 mg/d&iacute;a. <SUP>49</SUP> En intervenciones    de alto riesgo hemorr&aacute;gico (neurocirug&iacute;a, cirug&iacute;a hep&aacute;tica)    es aconsejable la suspensi&oacute;n preoperatoria del antiagregante y en caso    de elevado riesgo tromb&oacute;tico, el uso de heparina no fraccionada o heparina    de bajo peso molecular.<SUP>13</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En caso de tratamiento con tienopiridinas, &eacute;stas    pueden reemplazarse por ASA manteni&eacute;ndose hasta el d&iacute;a del procedimiento    quir&uacute;rgico; en caso de terapia dual (ASA+clopidogrel), en pacientes con    riesgo tromb&oacute;tico elevado, se puede mantener ASA y retirar clopidogrel    aproximadamente 5 d&iacute;as antes de del procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico.<SUP>50</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">En cirug&iacute;a de moderado riesgo hemorr&aacute;gico    (cirug&iacute;a cardiaca, ortop&eacute;dica y abdominal mayor, ORL, urol&oacute;gica),    si existe alto riesgo de trombosis, el ASA debe mantenerse, el clopidogrel debe    retirarse entre 3 y 5 d&iacute;as antes de del procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico.<SUP>50</SUP>    Si el riesgo tromb&oacute;tico es intermedio, la tienopiridina debe sustituirse    por ASA entre 10 y 14 d&iacute;as previos a del procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico.<SUP>50</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Cirug&iacute;a de emergencia:</B> Debido a    que no existe antagonista farmacol&oacute;gico para los AAP, la transfusi&oacute;n    plaquetaria se debe utilizar en caso de sangramiento &quot;en s&aacute;bana&quot;,    aunque se se&ntilde;ala la escasa eficacia de las plaquetas transfundidas en    la reversi&oacute;n de los efectos antiagregantes. <SUP>51</SUP> La dosis habitual    es 1 unidad cada 10Kg de peso. El uso de desmopresina a dosis de 0,3-0,4mcg/kg    por v&iacute;a intravenosa no se recomienda de forma rutinaria. El empleo de    factor VII recombinante (rFVIIa) es controvertido por lo que tampoco se recomienda    de forma sistem&aacute;tica.<SUP>52</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Anestesia neuraxial en pacientes con tratamiento    antiagregante plaquetario</B>: Es una cuesti&oacute;n pol&eacute;mica, fundamentalmente    con respecto al ASA y los AINEs. Algunos sugieren que no es necesaria su suspensi&oacute;n    anticipada al proceder anest&eacute;sico, mientras otros recomiendan la suspensi&oacute;n    del ASA entre 7 y 10 d&iacute;as previos siempre que sea posible, a menos que    exista un s&iacute;ndrome coronario agudo, caso en el que se recomienda mantener    el ASA para evitar eventos cardiovasculares a costa de los eventos hemorr&aacute;gicos.<SUP>15,53,54-56</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Con respecto a clopidogrel y ticlopidina no se    recomienda la realizaci&oacute;n de t&eacute;cnica neuraxial o regional perif&eacute;rica    hasta que transcurran los intervalos de seguridad recomendados, 7 y 14 d&iacute;as    respectivamente.<SUP>50</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Antagonistas de receptor GPIIb/IIIa: </B>se    utilizan, por v&iacute;a endovenosa, en la prevenci&oacute;n de complicaciones    card&iacute;acas isqu&eacute;micas en pacientes que requieren intervenci&oacute;n    coronaria percut&aacute;nea y en el conducta de s&iacute;ndromes coronarios    agudos.<SUP>57,58</SUP> En el caso de Abciximab, la funci&oacute;n plaquetaria    se normaliza habitualmente en un per&iacute;odo de 24-48 horas, aunque permanece    en la circulaci&oacute;n unido a la plaqueta durante 15 d&iacute;as &oacute;    m&aacute;s. Con Eptifibatide y Tirofiban la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria se    restaura en 4 horas tras retirar la infusi&oacute;n.<SUP>59</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Pentasac&aacute;ridos:</B> Compuestos sint&eacute;ticos    que se unen a la AT III potenciando su acci&oacute;n bloqueadora del FXa. Se    emplean en la profilaxis y el tratamiento de eventos tromboemb&oacute;licos.    <SUP>60</SUP> El &uacute;nico aprobado hasta el momento para su uso cl&iacute;nico    es el Fondaparinux cuya vida media de eliminaci&oacute;n es de 15-20 horas.    Actualmente se encuentra en estudio el Idraparinux, con una vida media de eliminaci&oacute;n    de 5&#189; d&iacute;as. <SUP>28</SUP> </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Inhibidores selectivos del factor Xa: </B>comparados    con HBPM, presentan menor riesgo de sangramiento en dosis que alcanzan igual    eficacia y un riesgo de sangramiento similar en dosis que alcanzan mayor eficacia.    <SUP>61-66</SUP> La interrupci&oacute;n del tratamiento debe ser suficiente,    no existe un ant&iacute;doto espec&iacute;fico. Basado en la experiencia con    rFVIIa en la reversi&oacute;n de la anticoagulaci&oacute;n con Fondaparinux,    se sugiere que podr&iacute;a ser efectivo.<SUP>28</SUP> </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana"><B>Inhibidores directos de la trombina:</B> existen    pocas indicaciones para este grupo de f&aacute;rmacos m&aacute;s all&aacute;    de su uso en pacientes con trombocitopenia inducida por la heparina.<SUP>67</SUP>    Su vida media es corta, de modo que la interrupci&oacute;n del tratamiento debe    bastar para revertir sus efectos. No existe ant&iacute;doto espec&iacute;fico,    el rFVIIa no ha mostrado ser efectivo, aunque se sugiere que en dosis superiores    a las com&uacute;nmente usadas, podr&iacute;a mostrar resultados.<SUP>68</SUP>    </font>     <P><font size="2" face="Verdana">Se concluye que se requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario    para tratar de forma segura y efectivae la anticoagulaci&oacute;n y la terapia    antiplaquetaria en el perioperatorio. El anestesi&oacute;logo y el cirujano    deben evaluar con precisi&oacute;n los riesgos y los beneficios del mantenimiento    &oacute; la supresi&oacute;n del f&aacute;rmaco anticoagulante &oacute; antiagregante,    siempre en el contexto espec&iacute;fico de cada paciente y del proceder quir&uacute;rgico    necesario. </font>     <P>     <P>      <P><font size="3" face="Verdana"><B>REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS</B></font>     <P>      <!-- ref --><P><font size="2" face="Verdana">1. Fernlund P, Stenflo J, Roepstorff P, Thomsen    J. 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