<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1729-519X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev haban cienc méd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1729-519X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de la Habana]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1729-519X2017000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Coinfección virus de inmunodeficiencia humana-virus de la Hepatitis C: hacia un nuevo escenario terapéutico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis C virus coinfection: towards a new therapeutic scenario]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Bustos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicente Esplugues-Mota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martí-Rodrigo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Valencia Departamento de Farmacología Facultad de Medicina]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Valencia ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Valencia Departamnto de Farmacología Facultad de Medicina]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Valencia ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Valencia Departamnto de Farmacología Facultad de Medicina]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Valencia ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>199</fpage>
<lpage>216</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1729-519X2017000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1729-519X2017000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1729-519X2017000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Introducción: Las terapias contra el virus de la Hepatitis C han evolucionado vertiginosamente con el desarrollo de los antivirales de acción directa (AADs). Los nuevos regímenes han conseguido igualar las tasas de respuesta al tratamiento en los monoinfectados y los coinfectados con VIH, una población tradicionalmente difícil de tratar debido a la elevada morbimortalidad hepática y sistémica, reacciones adversas e interacciones medicamentosas. Objetivo: Analizar las opciones farmacoterapéuticas más modernas disponibles para los pacientes coinfectados con VIH y VHC, con énfasis en los nuevos antivirales de acción directa, a fin de ofrecer una herramienta útil en el abordaje terapéutico en estos pacientes. Material y métodos: Se revisaron artículos originales, ensayos clínicos y revisiones sistemáticas hasta septiembre de 2016, bases de datos internacionales de interacciones medicamentosas y Guías de Práctica Clínica actualizadas. Desarrollo: Las terapias contra el virus de la Hepatitis C (VHC) han evolucionado vertiginosamente con el desarrollo de los antivirales de acción directa (AADs). Los nuevos regímenes han conseguido igualar las tasas de respuesta al tratamiento en los monoinfectados y los coinfectados con VIH, una población tradicionalmente difícil de tratar que, además, asociaba una elevada morbimortalidad hepática y sistémica, más reacciones adversas y complejas interacciones medicamentosas. Conclusiones: En este nuevo escenario es fundamental dedicar esfuerzos a identificar el elevado porcentaje de infectados no diagnosticados, potenciales interacciones, especialmente con fármacos para patologías asociadas al envejecimiento de los pacientes, reacciones adversas a medio-largo plazos y desarrollo de resistencias, además de garantizar la cobertura universal en todos los contextos clínicos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Introduction:Therapies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) have rapidly evolved with the development of direct-acting antiviral agents. New regimens, achieve an equate response rates to treatment in cases of HCV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected; a population traditionally difficult to treat due to a high hepatic and systemic morbidity-mortality, adverse reactions and drug interactions. Objective: To analyse the current Pharma-therapeutic options available for co-infected HIV-HCV patients, with emphasis I the new direct-acting antiviral agents, in order to offer a useful tool for the therapeutic approach in these patients. Material and Methods: Original articles, clinical studies and systematic reviews until September 2016 were carried out, as well as international drug interactions databases and updated Practical Guidelines. Development: Therapies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) have rapidly evolved with the development of direct-acting antiviral agents. New regimens achieve an equate response rates to treatment in HCV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected; a population traditionally difficult to treat, which also associate a high hepatic and systemic morbidity-mortality, adverse reactions and complex drug interactions. Conclusions: In this new scenario efforts must be addressed to identify the high percentage of undiagnosed patients; potential interactions, especially with drugs related with patient&#8217;s aging; medium and long-term adverse reactions and development of drug resistances, as well as to guarantee universal coverage in all clinical contexts.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Coinfección VIH/VHC]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tratamiento VIH/VHC]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hepatitis C]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[VIH]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Antivirales de acción directa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[AAD]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV/HCV coinfection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV/HCV treatment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hepatitis C]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Direct-acting antiviral agents]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[DAA]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><font color="#000000" size="3" face="verdana"><strong>CIENCIAS    CL&Iacute;NICAS Y PATOL&Oacute;GICAS</strong></font></p>     <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">&nbsp;</p>     <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">&nbsp;</p>     <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Universidad    de Valencia, Espa&ntilde;a    <br>   Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Farmacolog&iacute;a</font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: 150%'>&nbsp;</p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: 150%'>&nbsp;</p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: 150%'><font color="#000000" size="4" face="verdana"><b>Coinfecci&oacute;n    virus de inmunodeficiencia humana&#45;virus de la Hepatitis C: hacia un nuevo escenario terap&eacute;utico</b></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: 150%'>&nbsp;</p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: 150%'>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: 150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><font size="3">Human    Immunodeficiency Virus&#150;Hepatitis C virus coinfection: </font></b></font><font color="#000000" size="3" face="verdana"><b>towards    a new therapeutic scenario</b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:normal'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>V&iacute;ctor    Garc&iacute;a&#45;Bustos<sup>I</sup>, Juan Vicente Esplugues&#45;Mota<sup>II</sup>,    Alberto Mart&iacute;&#45;Rodrigo<sup>III</sup></b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><sup>&nbsp;</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><sup>I</sup>M&eacute;dico.    Graduado en Medicina por la Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Farmacolog&iacute;a,    Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Valencia, Espa&ntilde;a. <a href="mailto:bustos@alumni.uv.es">bustos@alumni.uv.es    <br>   </a><sup>II</sup>M&eacute;dico. Catedr&aacute;tico de la Universidad de Valencia    en el Departamento de Farmacolog&iacute;a, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad    de Valencia, Espa&ntilde;a. Miembro Cient&iacute;fico de la Fundaci&oacute;n    para el Fomento de la Investigaci&oacute;n Sanitaria y Biom&eacute;dica de la    Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO). Hospital Universitario "Dr.Peset", Valencia,    Espa&ntilde;a. Investigador Principal del Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n Biom&eacute;dica    en Red Enfermedades hep&aacute;ticas y digestivas,&nbsp; CIBERehd, Valencia,    Espa&ntilde;a. <a href="mailto:juan.v.esplugues@uv.es">juan.v.esplugues@uv.es    <br>   </a></font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><sup>III</sup>Farmac&eacute;utico.    M&aacute;ster en Investigaci&oacute;n y Uso Racional de Medicamento. Personal    docente e investigador. Departamento de Farmacolog&iacute;a, Facultad de Medicina.    Universidad de Valencia, Espa&ntilde;a. <a href="mailto:alberto.marti&#45;rodrigo@uv.es">alberto.marti&#45;rodrigo@uv.es</a></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;</p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>RESUMEN</b></font>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Introducci&oacute;n:</b>    Las terapias contra el virus de la Hepatitis C han evolucionado vertiginosamente    con el desarrollo de los antivirales de acci&oacute;n directa (AADs). Los nuevos    reg&iacute;menes han conseguido igualar las tasas de respuesta al tratamiento    en los monoinfectados y los coinfectados con VIH, una poblaci&oacute;n tradicionalmente    dif&iacute;cil de tratar debido a la elevada morbimortalidad hep&aacute;tica    y sist&eacute;mica, reacciones adversas e interacciones medicamentosas.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   </font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Objetivo:</b> Analizar    las opciones farmacoterap&eacute;uticas m&aacute;s modernas disponibles para    los pacientes coinfectados con VIH y VHC, con &eacute;nfasis en los nuevos antivirales    de acci&oacute;n directa, a fin de ofrecer una herramienta &uacute;til en el    abordaje terap&eacute;utico en estos pacientes.    <br>   </font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Material y m&eacute;todos:</b>    Se revisaron art&iacute;culos originales, ensayos cl&iacute;nicos y revisiones    sistem&aacute;ticas hasta septiembre de 2016, bases de datos internacionales    de interacciones medicamentosas y <i>Gu&iacute;as de Pr&aacute;ctica Cl&iacute;nica</i>    actualizadas.    <br>   </font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Desarrollo:</b> Las    terapias contra el virus de la Hepatitis C (VHC) han evolucionado vertiginosamente    con el desarrollo de los antivirales de acci&oacute;n directa (AADs). Los nuevos    reg&iacute;menes han conseguido igualar las tasas de respuesta al tratamiento    en los monoinfectados y los coinfectados con VIH, una poblaci&oacute;n tradicionalmente    dif&iacute;cil de tratar que, adem&aacute;s, asociaba una elevada morbimortalidad    hep&aacute;tica y sist&eacute;mica, m&aacute;s reacciones adversas y complejas    interacciones medicamentosas.    <br>   </font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Conclusiones:</b> En    este nuevo escenario es fundamental dedicar esfuerzos a identificar el elevado    porcentaje de infectados no diagnosticados, potenciales interacciones, especialmente    con f&aacute;rmacos para patolog&iacute;as asociadas al envejecimiento de los    pacientes, reacciones adversas a medio&#45;largo plazos y desarrollo de resistencias,    adem&aacute;s de garantizar la cobertura universal en todos los contextos cl&iacute;nicos.</font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Palabras    claves:</b> Coinfecci&oacute;n VIH/VHC, Tratamiento VIH/VHC, Hepatitis C, VIH,    Antivirales de acci&oacute;n directa, AAD.</font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font>      <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Introduction:</b>Therapies    for hepatitis C virus (HCV) have rapidly evolved with the development of direct&#45;acting    antiviral agents. New regimens, achieve an equate response rates to treatment    in cases of HCV mono&#45;infected and HIV/HCV co&#45;infected; a population    traditionally difficult to treat due to a high hepatic and systemic morbidity&#45;mortality,    adverse reactions and drug interactions.    <br>   </font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Objective:</b> To analyse    the current Pharma&#45;therapeutic options available for co&#45;infected HIV&#45;HCV    patients, with emphasis I the new direct&#45;acting antiviral agents, in order    to offer a useful tool for the therapeutic approach in these patients.    <br>   </font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Material and Methods:</b>    Original articles, clinical studies and systematic reviews until September 2016    were carried out, as well as international drug interactions databases and updated    Practical Guidelines.    <br>   </font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Development:</b> Therapies    for hepatitis C virus (HCV) have rapidly evolved with the development of direct&#45;acting    antiviral agents. New regimens achieve an equate response rates to treatment    in HCV mono&#45;infected and HIV/HCV co&#45;infected; a population traditionally    difficult to treat, which also associate a high hepatic and systemic morbidity&#45;mortality,    adverse reactions and complex drug interactions.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   </font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Conclusions:</b> In    this new scenario efforts must be addressed to identify the high percentage    of undiagnosed patients; potential interactions, especially with drugs related    with patient&rsquo;s aging; medium and long&#45;term adverse reactions and development    of drug resistances, as well as to guarantee universal coverage in all clinical    contexts.</font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>&nbsp;</b></font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Keywords:</b>    HIV/HCV coinfection, HIV/HCV treatment, Hepatitis C, HIV, Direct&#45;acting    antiviral agents, DAA.</font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;</p> <hr>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;</p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;line&#45;height: 150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>&nbsp;</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font color="#000000" size="3" face="verdana"><strong>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</strong></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Se    estima que el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) afecta actualmente    a 36,7 millones de personas<sup>1</sup> y que 185 millones viven infectadas    por el virus de la Hepatitis C (VHC).<sup>2, 3</sup> Debido a que ambos virus    comparten rutas similares de transmisi&oacute;n, de 10 a 30% de los infectados    por VIH se encuentran coinfectados por el virus de la Hepatitis C. La coinfecci&oacute;n    cobra una gran relevancia cl&iacute;nica y farmacoterap&eacute;utica puesto    que los pacientes coinfectados tienen, tradicionalmente, mayor riesgo de sufrir    progresi&oacute;n acelerada de la enfermedad hep&aacute;tica, cirrosis, fallo    hep&aacute;tico y hepatocarcinoma; adem&aacute;s de presentar una menor efectividad    de los tratamientos, mayor incidencia de reacciones adversas e interacciones    farmacol&oacute;gicas, lo que dificulta el cumplimiento terap&eacute;utico.<sup>4&#45;9</sup>    En el caso del virus de la Hepatitis C, con el desarrollo de los nuevos antivirales    de acci&oacute;n directa (AAD), en los &uacute;ltimos meses el escenario cl&iacute;nico&#45;terap&eacute;utico    en esta enfermedad ha cambiado vertiginosamente,<sup>3, 6, 7</sup> y se ha alcanzado    la eliminaci&oacute;n del virus en porcentajes cercanos a 100%. Por su parte,    tambi&eacute;n se ha avanzado en las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas en las terapias    anti&#45;VIH, convertido el SIDA en una enfermedad cr&oacute;nica. Con f&aacute;rmacos    menos hepatot&oacute;xicos, hoy est&aacute; indicado tratar precozmente a todos    los pacientes independientemente de la cifra de linfocitos CD4.<sup>10</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>&nbsp;</b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="3" face="verdana"><b>OBJETIVO</b></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">El    objetivo de esta revisi&oacute;n es analizar los paradigmas preexistentes, reevaluar    los dogmas de la evidencia cient&iacute;fica disponible y actualizarla a este    nuevo escenario </font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">cl&iacute;nico    y social para este grupo de pacientes.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><b><strong></strong></b></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>&nbsp;</b></font><font color="#000000" size="3" face="verdana"><b>MATERIAL    Y M&Eacute;TODOS</b></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Se    realizaron b&uacute;squedas sistem&aacute;ticas en la base de datos MEDLINE    de informaci&oacute;n biom&eacute;dica a trav&eacute;s del motor PubMed. Se    incluyeron en la selecci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nicos ensayos, resultados de investigaciones    originales y revisiones sistem&aacute;ticas hasta septiembre de 2016. Se utiliz&oacute;,    adem&aacute;s, la biblioteca m&eacute;dica UpToDate &reg; para acceder a las    <i>Gu&iacute;as de Pr&aacute;ctica Cl&iacute;nica</i> en el contexto de coinfecci&oacute;n    por VIH/VHC; as&iacute; como las <i>Gu&iacute;as AEEH/SEIMC</i> de manejo de    la Hepatitis C (Asociaci&oacute;n Espa&ntilde;ola para el estudio del H&iacute;gado    y Sociedad Espa&ntilde;ola de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiolog&iacute;a    Cl&iacute;nica) y las <i>Gu&iacute;as de Hepatitis C</i> <i>de la American Association    for the Study of Liver Diseases,</i> ambas con actualizaci&oacute;n de julio    de 2016. En materia de interacciones medicamentosas se accedi&oacute; a las    bases de datos de la Universidad de Liverpool mediante la plataforma www.hep&#45;druginteractions.org,    con &uacute;ltima actualizaci&oacute;n de evidencia cient&iacute;fica el 26    de noviembre de 2015. &nbsp; </font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;</p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="3" face="verdana"><strong>DESARROLLO</strong>    </font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><strong>VHC    y VIH: mecanismos de interacci&oacute;n y comorbilidad</strong></font></p>     <p align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>Progresi&oacute;n    del VIH en el contexto de coinfecci&oacute;n VHC</i></b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Hoy    todav&iacute;a est&aacute; en entredicho el papel que tiene el VHC en la progresi&oacute;n    del VIH y la mayor&iacute;a de estudios no ha demostrado relevancia cl&iacute;nica.<sup>3,5,11&#45;13</sup>    Se postula que la activaci&oacute;n continua de los linfocitos T podr&iacute;a    limitar la respuesta inmunol&oacute;gica. Adem&aacute;s, la infecci&oacute;n    extrahep&aacute;tica de los linfocitos CD4 por el VHC podr&iacute;a derivar    en interacciones virol&oacute;gicas directas que influyeran en la recuperaci&oacute;n    de los CD4. Las prote&iacute;nas NS3/NS4A del virus C promueven la transcripci&oacute;n    del VIH, mientras que la del Core activa la replicaci&oacute;n.<sup>14,15</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>&nbsp;</i></b></font><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>Progresi&oacute;n    del VHC en el contexto de coinfecci&oacute;n VIH</i></b></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">El    VIH tiene un importante impacto en el ciclo del virus C y en su historia natural.    Los coinfectados tienen menor tasa de eliminaci&oacute;n del VHC y progresi&oacute;n    acelerada hacia enfermedad hep&aacute;tica sintom&aacute;tica, terminal, cirrosis    y carcinoma hepatocelular.<sup>3, 16, 17</sup> Los mecanismos etiopatog&eacute;nicos    implicados se detallan en la <a href="/img/revistas/rhcm/v16n2/t0107217.gif">Tabla1</a>.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style='margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">La    primera causa de muerte en los pacientes coinfectados tratados con terapia antirretroviral    era la enfermedad hep&aacute;tica terminal.<sup>3</sup> Este incremento se debe,    en parte, al aumento de la esperanza de vida y al descenso de la mortalidad    asociada a las complicaciones del SIDA en pacientes tratados.<sup>10</sup> Sin    embargo, seg&uacute;n la evidencia m&aacute;s actual, con los nuevos reg&iacute;menes    de tratamiento con AAD se podr&iacute;a llegar a igualar la progresi&oacute;n    de la fibrosis en ambas subpoblaciones.<sup>10</sup> Por otra parte, tambi&eacute;n    es necesario recalcar el mayor n&uacute;mero observado de reinfecciones por    VHC en los individuos coinfectados, debido, posiblemente, a la permanencia de    los factores de riesgo.</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;line&#45;height: 150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>Otras    complicaciones de la coinfecci&oacute;n</i></b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Con    la disminuci&oacute;n de la mortalidad por SIDA y el envejecimiento de los pacientes,    la inflamaci&oacute;n cr&oacute;nica se asociaba a mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad    cardiovascular debido a la disfunci&oacute;n endotelial.<sup>18</sup> Adem&aacute;s,    en individuos con una larga historia de seropositividad VIH, se observa un incremento    significativo del riesgo relativo de enfermedad renal por VIH.<sup>19</sup>    Por otro lado, la coinfecci&oacute;n aumenta la incidencia de neuropat&iacute;a    motora perif&eacute;rica, da&ntilde;o cognitivo y empeoramiento de la demencia    asociada a VIH<sup>5,9</sup> y asocia mayor riesgo de <i>Diabetes Mellitus</i>    independientemente del da&ntilde;o hep&aacute;tico.<sup>3,20</sup> En los &uacute;ltimos    a&ntilde;os se ha definido que tanto el riesgo de fracturas como de osteoporosis    se encuentran significativamente elevados.<sup>21</sup> </font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>Prop&oacute;sitos    de la terapia</i></b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">La    curaci&oacute;n del VHC se asume en base a la respuesta virol&oacute;gica sostenida    (RVS), que asocia a reducciones sustanciales de la morbimortalidad hep&aacute;tica:    se frena, enlentece o mejora la progresi&oacute;n de la fibrosis y la necroinflamaci&oacute;n    y disminuye la tasa de carcinoma hepatocelular, adem&aacute;s de desaparecer    los efectos adversos de la pluriterapia y las interacciones farmacol&oacute;gicas.<sup>22</sup>    Con los nuevos AAD, se considera RVS una carga viral indetectable 12 semanas    tras el tratamiento. La RVS4, sin ser un par&aacute;metro definitorio de curaci&oacute;n,    se considera buen factor de predicci&oacute;n.<sup>23&#45;25</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>Opciones    terap&eacute;uticas contra el VHC en el contexto particular de la coinfecci&oacute;n    VIH/VHC</i></b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Con    los AAD no parecen existir diferencias en tasas de curaci&oacute;n y tolerabilidad    entre pacientes mono y coinfectados, al contrario de lo que ocurr&iacute;a con    la biterapia cl&aacute;sica y la triple terapia de primera generaci&oacute;n.    De tal manera, el tratamiento antiviral de la Hepatitis C tiene, en las &uacute;ltimas    gu&iacute;as, las mismas indicaciones y reg&iacute;menes que en monoinfectados.<sup>6,7,10,23</sup>    Para el desarrollo de estos f&aacute;rmacos ha sido fundamental el conocimiento    del ciclo viral<sup>3</sup> y sus dianas terap&eacute;uticas se detallan en    la <a href="/img/revistas/rhcm/v16n2/t0207217.gif">Tabla2</a>. La coinfecci&oacute;n VIH/VHC proporciona    mayor prioridad en cuanto al tratamiento del VHC incluso en estadios tempranos    de fibrosis (F0/F1) y se aboga por un tratamiento precoz.<sup>7</sup> La elecci&oacute;n    del r&eacute;gimen terap&eacute;utico depende del genotipo, el estadio de lafibrosis    hep&aacute;tica, la historia de previo tratamiento o la elegibilidad de reg&iacute;menes    con interfer&oacute;n en algunos casos. Sin embargo, en los pacientes coinfectados,    las interacciones medicamentosas suponen una limitaci&oacute;n al tratamiento    que no debe ser obviada.<sup>3,9,25</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>Interacciones    farmacol&oacute;gicas</i></b></font></p>     <p></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">La    necesidad de pluriterapia para evitar resistencias aumenta la posibilidad de    interacciones que alteren el equilibrio riesgo/beneficio entre los efectos adversos    del tratamiento y su efectividad terap&eacute;utica, am&eacute;n de la crucial    cumplimentaci&oacute;n. Por ello, encontrar una pauta individualizada carente    de interacciones que repercutan negativamente sobre el <i>cursusmorbi</i> y    sobre s&iacute; mismos supone todo un reto en la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica.<sup>7,9</sup></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>Interacciones    con los nuevos AAD</i></b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Muchos    son sustratos del CYP3A4 o de la p&#45;gp, lo que puede contraindicar su coadministraci&oacute;n    con inhibidores no nucle&oacute;sidos de la transcriptasa inversa (NNRTIs) o    inhibidores de la proteasa (IPs). Las contraindicaciones con inhibidores de    la integrasa son escasas. La relevancia cl&iacute;nica se encuentra gradada    en la <a href="/img/revistas/rhcm/v16n2/t0307217.jpg">Tabla3</a>.</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>a.    Sofosbuvir:</b> Una de las grandes ventajas de este f&aacute;rmaco es la ausencia    de interacciones farmacol&oacute;gicas cl&iacute;nicamente significativas con    los antirretrovirales y su efecto pan&#45;genot&iacute;pico.<sup>26</sup> No    se aconseja la coadministraci&oacute;n con Tipranavir, puesto que se postula    que este podr&iacute;a disminuir su eficacia e inducir la glicoprote&iacute;na    P.<sup>27</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>b.    Daclatasvir:</b> No ha mostrado interacci&oacute;n alguna con los inhibidores    nucle&oacute;sidos de la transcriptasa inversa (NRTIs). En el grupo de los NNRTIs    solo se ha demostrado su interacci&oacute;n con el Efavirenz, que obliga a aumentar    la dosis del primero. Se estima que la inhibici&oacute;n del CYP3A4 por la Nevirapina,    la Etravirina y la Delavirdina; y por Tipranavir, Saquinavir, Indinavir, Ritonavir,    Fosamprenavir y Cobicistat&nbsp; pueda incrementar sus concentraciones. Debe    reducirse su dosis a la mitad en cotratamiento con Atazanavir/Ritonavir.<sup>27</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>c.    Simeprevir:</b> No se esperan interacciones farmacol&oacute;gicas cl&iacute;nicamente    significativas con la coadministraci&oacute;n de Simeprevir con los NRTIs. Al    ser sustrato del CYP3A4 est&aacute; contraindicado con todos los IPs. Tampoco    se recomienda la administraci&oacute;n conjunta de Delavirdina, Efavirenz, Etravirina    y Nevirapina, siendo la Rilpivirina el &uacute;nico NNRTI que no asocia ninguna    interacci&oacute;n significativa.<sup>27</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>d.    Ledipasvir (Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir):</b> El Ledipasvir se asocia en la pr&aacute;ctica    cl&iacute;nica al Sofosbuvir por lo que no se recomienda la coadministraci&oacute;n    con Tipranavir. No tiene interacci&oacute;n con ning&uacute;n otro IP del VIH.    Respecto a los NRTIs, la coadministraci&oacute;n con Tenofovir incrementa la    exposici&oacute;n de este f&aacute;rmaco, especialmente si se asocia a Elvitegravir,    Cobicistat o Emtricitabina, y hace recomendable la monitorizaci&oacute;n cuidadosa    de la funci&oacute;n renal. En el grupo de NNRTIs, se estudi&oacute; la interacci&oacute;n    farmacol&oacute;gica en pacientes tratados con los reg&iacute;menes Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir    y Tenofovir/Emtricitabina/Efavirenz. En este grupo se increment&oacute; el AUC    del Tenofovir 98% y disminuy&oacute; la del Ledipasvir 34%. No se recomienda    ajuste de dosis, pero s&iacute; monitorizar la funci&oacute;n renal por el riesgo    de toxicidad del Tenofovir.<sup>28</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>e.    Combinaci&oacute;n de Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir potenciado con Ritonavir y Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/r    y Dasabuvir (r&eacute;gimen 3D):</b> No existen interacciones cl&iacute;nicamente    significativas con los NRTIs, pero s&iacute; con los NNRTIs debido, mayormente,    al efecto sobre el citocromo p450 del Ritonavir. Est&aacute; contraindicado    administrarse con Efavirenz, Etravirina o Nevirapina. La Rilpivirina puede coadministrarse    pero tiene interacciones potenciales. Tambi&eacute;n con los IP. Se contraindica    su coadministraci&oacute;n con Indinavir, Lopinavir y Saquinavir por su inhibici&oacute;n    del CYP3A4. La coadministraci&oacute;n de este r&eacute;gimen con Atazanavir,    Darunavir, Fosamprenavir y Nelfinavir no se recomienda, pero en caso de utilizarse    debe ser monitorizada cuidadosamente, alterar las dosis o el tiempo de administraci&oacute;n.    No se observan interacciones significativas con el Raltegravir o el Dolutegravir.    Elvitegravir se combina con Cobicistat, que podr&iacute;a incrementar su concentraci&oacute;n    por inhibici&oacute;n del CYP3A4.<sup>27,29</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>f.    Grazoprevir/Elbasvir:</b> Ambos son sustratos del CY3A4 y la p&#45;gp. El Grazoprevir    tambi&eacute;n lo es de OATP1B1. Por ello, no pueden ser administrados con los    inhibidores de la proteasa o con NNRTIs inductores del citocromo como el Efavirenz,    la Etravirina o la Nevirapina. No existe interacci&oacute;n con los NRTIs o    inhibidores de la integrasa.<sup>23,27</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>g.    Velpatasvir (Velpatasvir/Sofosbuvir):</b> El Velpatasvir se metaboliza por el    CYP3A4 y es sustrato de la p&#45;gp, pero solo se ha evidenciado interacci&oacute;n    con el Tipranavir, Efavirenz, Etravirina y Nevirapina. La funci&oacute;n renal    debe vigilarse, especialmente en combinaci&oacute;n con Tenofovir. No interaccionan    con los inhibidores de la integrasa y con el resto de ARV.<sup>23,27</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><em>Efecto    del VIH en la respuesta al tratamiento del VHC y hepatotoxicidad de los antirretrovirales</em></b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Los    pacientes coinfectados respond&iacute;an peor a la biterapia: la RVS en el genotipo    1 del VHC descend&iacute;a para situarse en rangos variables desde 14 a 35%,    en comparaci&oacute;n con 42 a 46% de los monoinfectados.<sup>30</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Uno    de los principales problemas lo constituye la hepatotoxicidad del tratamiento    antirretroviral, cuya incidencia es heterog&eacute;nea (3&#45;18%),<sup>31</sup>    debido a la variabilidad en sus manifestaciones. Las m&aacute;s graves son m&aacute;s    frecuentes en pacientes infectados por VHB o VHC, particularmente en el GT3    del VHC, que no asocia respuestas terap&eacute;uticas tan elevadas como otros    genotipos del virus.<sup>25,32</sup> Son factores de riesgo el grado de fibrosis    previa, GT3, el sexo femenino, duraci&oacute;n elevada del tratamiento antirretroviral,    alcohol y tratamiento con nevirapina o con IPs.<sup>32</sup> Los mecanismos    son variables. Por un lado, se ha demostrado que las interacciones mediadas    por el CYP3A4 comentadas en el punto anterior son causa de hepatotoxicidad,    generalmente debida a acumulaci&oacute;n de NNRTIs e IPs o sus metabolitos y    generaci&oacute;n de especies reactivas del ox&iacute;geno.<sup>31,32</sup>    La Didanosina o la Estavudina pueden inhibir la DNA polimerasa gamma, que resulta    en acumulaci&oacute;n de &aacute;cidos grasos libres y esteatosis hep&aacute;tica    y causar toxicidad mitocondrial que puede llevar a fallo hep&aacute;tico agudo.    Otro factor a considerar son las alteraciones metab&oacute;licas; la resistencia    a la insulina y la esteatohepatitis podr&iacute;an incrementar el riesgo.</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">La    heterogeneidad de las series y la combinaci&oacute;n farmacol&oacute;gica dificultan    la determinaci&oacute;n precisa de esta hepatotoxicidad. Dentro de los IPs,    el Ritonavir a dosis completa parece ser el m&aacute;s t&oacute;xico, junto    con el Indinavir y el Saquinavir.<sup>32</sup> En un estudio con 1 052 pacientes    que compar&oacute; Ritonavir, Indinavir, Amprenavir, Saquinavir y Nelfinavir    se observ&oacute; que este &uacute;ltimo era el menos perjudicial.<sup>33</sup>    El Lopinavir y el Atazanavir potenciados con dosis bajas de Ritonavir tambi&eacute;n    tienen buenos perfiles de seguridad. Otro estudio observacional concluy&oacute;    que un cambio a Raltegravir y la Rilpivirina frente a Efavirenz mejora la hepatotoxicidad    asociada, con un mismo perfil de efectividad.<sup>34</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><em>R&eacute;gimen    actual de tratamiento del VHC en pacientes coinfectados</em></b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Los    reg&iacute;menes libres de interfer&oacute;n basados en AAD deben ser considerados    como tratamiento est&aacute;ndar para infecci&oacute;n cr&oacute;nica por VHC    tanto en el contexto de la mono como la coinfecci&oacute;n VIH, y los reg&iacute;menes    con interfer&oacute;n solamente se recomiendan en infecciones por el genotipo    3 que no hayan respondido a previo tratamiento con Sofosbuvir + Daclatasvir    o Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir.<sup>23,24</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">El    tratamiento y su duraci&oacute;n dependen del genotipo viral, de la presencia    de cirrosis compensada o descompensada y el previo tratamiento con AADs. Los    reg&iacute;menes terap&eacute;uticos libres de IFN para pacientes <i>na&iuml;ve</i>    a AADs y las opciones con IFN se definen en las tablas <a href="/img/revistas/rhcm/v16n2/t0407217.gif">4</a>    y <a href="/img/revistas/rhcm/v16n2/t0507217.gif">5</a>, respectivamente.</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><em>Evidencia    cl&iacute;nica de las combinaciones en coinfectados VIH/VHC</em></b></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>Reg&iacute;menes    sin interfer&oacute;n</i></b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>a.    Simeprevir y Sofosbuvir</b>: Un estudio con 50 pacientes coinfectados con marcadores    negativos de respuesta encontr&oacute; una RVS24 de 82% asociando Ribavirina.<sup>35</sup>    El estudio COSMOS randomizado que evalu&oacute; la eficacia y la seguridad de    esta combinaci&oacute;n en 167 pacientes, sin embargo, no evalu&oacute; los    coinfectados por VIH.<sup>36&#45;38</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>b.    Sofosbuvir y Ledipasvir</b>: Un ensayo de fase 2b en 50 pacientes no tratados,    sin cirrosis, infectados por el GT1, demostr&oacute; una RVS de 98% a 12 semanas.<sup>28</sup>    El ensayo NAIAD ERADICATE estudi&oacute; 50 pacientes <i>na&iuml;ve</i> divididos    en dos grupos: uno, con tratamiento ARV con Tenofovir/Emtricitabina asociados    a Efavirenz, Rilpivirina o Raltegravir y otro ARV <i>na&iuml;ve</i>, con mayor&iacute;a    (74%) de infectados por el GT1b. Las RVS fueron 98% y 100%, respectivamente,    a 12 semanas.<sup>39</sup> El ION 4 sigui&oacute; a 355 pacientes con esta combinaci&oacute;n    con GT 1 y 4 y 12 semanas de esta combinaci&oacute;n. Globalmente, 96% alcanz&oacute;    la RVS12, 96% en los genotipos 1a y 1b y 100% en el GT4, y no fue significativa    la presencia de cirrosis o previo tratamiento.<sup>40</sup> La <i>German Hepatitis    C Cohort</i> (GECCO) evalu&oacute; la respuesta en coinfectados tratados con    Ledipasvir&#45;Sofosbuvir durante 8 semanas. De 148 pacientes, 28 ten&iacute;an    coinfecci&oacute;n VIH/VHC y estaban infectados por el GT1 del VHC. En este    grupo, la respuesta viral en la semana 4 y la RVS12 fue de 100%. Los efectos    adversos relacionados con el tratamiento fueron leves y poco frecuentes.<sup>41</sup>    En ning&uacute;n caso hubo discontinuaciones por efectos adversos.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>c.    Daclatasvir y Sofosbuvir</b>: Un estudio con 151 pacientes <i>na&iuml;ve</i>    y 52 tratados, con GT del 1 al 4 (GT1 83%) demostr&oacute; unas RVS12 de 96,    4% 97,7%&nbsp; respectivamente, en el GT1. La RVS global fue de 97% y la cirrosis    no fue un factor determinante. No hubo discontinuaciones por reacciones adversas.<sup>42</sup>    Cabe mencionar que en pacientes monoinfectados, s&iacute; existe respuesta sub&oacute;ptima    en pacientes cirr&oacute;ticos, por lo que podr&iacute;a considerarse extrapolable    a los coinfectados.<sup>43</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>d.    Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/r y Dasabuvir asociados a Ribavirina, o r&eacute;gimen    3D</b>: El estudio TURQUOISE&#45;I parte 1a analiz&oacute; esta combinaci&oacute;n    en 63 pacientes coinfectados, con el GT1, <i>na&iuml;ve</i> o con fallo terap&eacute;utico    con biterapia, incluyendo pacientes con cirrosis. Las RVS12 y RVS24 fueron de    94% y 91%, respectivamente, sin que hubiera discontinuaciones por efectos adversos.<sup>44</sup>    Seg&uacute;n resultados preliminares, la parte 1b del estudio evalu&oacute;    un total de 22 pacientes divididos en dos brazos, seg&uacute;n toma &uacute;nica    diaria o dividida en dos dosis. La respuesta viral en la semana 4 y la RVS12    fue de 100%. No hubo efectos adversos graves relacionados con f&aacute;rmacos    ni alteraciones cl&iacute;nico&#45;anal&iacute;ticas relacionadas con el Darunavir.    La parte 2 del estudio contin&uacute;a evaluando el r&eacute;gimen 3D en coinfectados,    con el GT1 y el GT4 en un ensayo multic&eacute;ntrico global con 230 pacientes.<sup>44</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>e.    Sofosbuvir y Ribavirina</b>: El estudio PHOTON&#45;2<sup>45</sup> analiz&oacute;    esta combinaci&oacute;n en 274 pacientes de los genotipos 1, 2, 3 y 4; durante    12 semanas en los pacientes <i>na&iuml;ve</i> infectados por el GT2 y durante    24 en el resto. Las RVS12 globales fueron de 85% en el GT1, 88% en el GT2, 89%    en el GT3 y 84% en el GT4. Las respuestas en pacientes <i>na&iuml;ve</i> con    GT 2 y 3 comparadas con las de aquellos que hab&iacute;an recibido tratamiento    fueron similares (89% y 91% <i>vs</i> 83% y 86%, respectivamente. Seis pacientes    discontinuaron el tratamiento por efectos adversos.</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>f.    Grazoprevir/Elbasvir:</b> El estudio C&#45;WORTHY, un ensayo cl&iacute;nico    multic&eacute;ntrico, aleatorizado y controlado de fase 2, evalu&oacute; la    eficacia y la seguridad del Grazoprevir y dos dosis de Elbasvir, asociado o    no a Ribavirina, en pacientes monoinfectados por el VHC y en coinfectados <i>na&iuml;ve</i>    VIH/VHC con GT1 durante 12 semanas. De los 218 pacientes del estudio, 59 eran    coinfectados. La RVS12 en este grupo fue de 87% sin Ribavirina y de 97% con    Ribavirina, frente a 98% y 93%, respectivamente, en el grupo de los monoinfectados.    El perfil de seguridad fue similar en ambos grupos y ning&uacute;n paciente    discontinu&oacute; debido a efectos adversos o anormalidad anal&iacute;tica.<sup>46</sup>    Por otra parte, el estudio C&#45;EDGE CO&#45;INFECTION, un ensayo de fase 3    multic&eacute;ntrico, estudi&oacute;, particularmente en un grupo de 218 pacientes    coinfectados VIH/VHC con los genotipos 1, 4 y 6, y entre los que se inclu&iacute;an    tanto cirr&oacute;ticos como pacientes sin cirrosis, la eficacia, la seguridad    y la tolerabilidad del r&eacute;gimen Grazoprevir + Elbasvir durante 12 semanas.    Si bien no es un ensayo aleatorizado y controlado, se consigui&oacute; la RVS12    en 96% de los pacientes, de los cuales uno no la alcanz&oacute; por motivo no    virol&oacute;gico. Las reacciones adversas fueron leves y poco frecuentes, y    todos completaron el estudio.<sup>47</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>g.    Velpatasvir/Sofosbuvir:</b> Todav&iacute;a no existe evidencia publicada en    coinfectados. Est&aacute; en marcha un estudio de fase 3, el ASTRAL&#45;5, con    106 pacientes coinfectados con Gt1&#45;4, de los cuales 18% tiene cirrosis compensada.    Los resultados preliminares informan una RVS12 de 95%.<sup>48</sup> Los estudios    ASTRAL de fase 3 (ASTRAL&#45;1, ASTRAL&#45;2, ASTRAL&#45;3 y ASTRAL&#45;4) han    estudiado un total de 1 302 pacientes monoinfectados bajo este r&eacute;gimen    durante 12 semanas&#150;24 semanas en cirrosis descompensada&#45; y, salvo en    este caso, en el que las RVS fueron de 83&#45;86%, en todos los genotipos se    alcanz&oacute; RVS&gt;95%, incluido el GT3.<sup>49&#45;51</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Las    reacciones adversas con los nuevos AAD son menores, leves, principalmente comunes    a todos ellos e inespec&iacute;ficas. Las m&aacute;s frecuentes incluyen fatiga    (en torno a 20% de los pacientes, salvo en el r&eacute;gimen 3D, que asciende    a 48%), cefalea (16&#45;25%),<sup>38&#45;40,42,43,46</sup> n&aacute;usea (15&#45;18%)<sup>28,38,43,46,47</sup>    y diarrea en algunos casos (10&#45;11%).<sup>39, 40</sup> Otros efectos menores    son la congesti&oacute;n nasal y la mialgia con el Ledipasvir (16% y 14% respectivamente),<sup>28</sup>    o insomnio en el r&eacute;gimen 3D (19%).<sup>36</sup> Ninguno repercute en    el seguimiento. Si se administran con Ribavirina, esta superpone sus efectos    secundarios, si bien su tolerancia sigue siendo mejor que la del IFN.</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b><i>Reg&iacute;menes    con interfer&oacute;n</i></b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>a.    pegIFN &#45; Ribavirina m&aacute;s Rimeprevir</b>: En un estudio, 106 pacientes    recibieron Simeprevir asociado a la biterapia cl&aacute;sica. No cirr&oacute;ticos    <i>na&iuml;ve</i> y recaedores previos lo recibieron guiado por la respuesta    durante 24&#45;48 semanas, y los cirr&oacute;ticos, los no respondedores y los    respondedores parciales durante 48 semanas. Las tasas de SVR12 fueron 79.2%    en los pacientes <i>na&iuml;ve</i>, 57,1% en los no respondedores, 86,7% en    los recaedores y de 70% en los respondedores parciales. Las reacciones adversas,    ocurridas en 5,7% de los pacientes, ninguna fatal, fueron las atribuibles a    la biterapia.<sup>52</sup></font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>b.    PegIFN &#150; Ribavirina m&aacute;s Telaprevir o Boceprevir</b>: Un ensayo de    fase 2 en 69 pacientes infectados &#150;excluyendo cirr&oacute;ticos y no respondedores&#45;    por el genotipo 1 y con tratamiento antirretroviral con Tenofovir, Emtricitabina,    Efavirenz, Atazanavir, y Raltegravir como ARV permitidos recibi&oacute; biterapia    asociada a Telaprevir,y se obtuvo una RVS24 de 80%. Sin embargo, 20% de los    pacientes discontinu&oacute; el tratamiento por efectos adversos, y dos pacientes    murieron durante el estudio. No hubo alteraci&oacute;n en el control del VIH.<sup>53</sup>    Otro estudio se dedic&oacute; a estudiar las diferencias en la tasa de respuesta    de 134 pacientes coinfectados por VIH&nbsp; tratados con biterapia frente a    la asociaci&oacute;n de esta con inhibidores de la proteasa durante 48 semanas    &#150;triple terapia durante 8 semanas y biterapia hasta finalizar las 48&#150;.    En el genotipo 1 se obtuvo una tasa de RVS de 50% (frente a 33,3% de la biterapia).</font></p>     <p style='margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>Nuevos    tratamientos contra el virus C en pacientes coinfectados</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Algunos    autores cuestionan la necesidad de nuevos f&aacute;rmacos contra el VHC.<sup>6</sup>    Se afirma que en una situaci&oacute;n en la que se consiguen tasas de RVS de    m&aacute;s de 90% con los nuevos reg&iacute;menes disponibles, la investigaci&oacute;n    tanto farmacol&oacute;gica como cl&iacute;nica debe centrarse en las &aacute;reas    que quedan sin resolver, a saber: RVS sub&oacute;ptimas; cirrosis compensada    y descompensada; cargas virales asociadas a peor pron&oacute;stico (&gt;6000000    copias/mL), as&iacute; como abogar por una cobertura mayor en los sistemas de    salud que persiga la universalidad en el acceso al tratamiento en los pacientes    con VHC. Adem&aacute;s, con los nuevos ensayos cl&iacute;nicos y las precoces    RVS, se est&aacute;n evaluando pautas m&aacute;s cortas de tratamiento con resultados    variables<sup>7,43</sup> que todav&iacute;a deben ser evaluados.</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">Pese    a la diversidad de posturas, emergen AAD de segunda generaci&oacute;n, haciendo    que las gu&iacute;as terap&eacute;uticas y las recomendaciones cl&iacute;nicas    cambien r&aacute;pidamente.<sup>54</sup> Los nuevos inhibidores de la NS3/4A    (como el Sovaprevir, ABT&#45;493 o GS&#45;9857) y NS5A (Samatasvir, GS&#45;5816,    MK&#45;8408 o ABT&#45;530) presentar&aacute;n una mejor barrera de resistencia    y efecto pangenot&iacute;pico. Adem&aacute;s, eludir&aacute;n el problema de    las variantes asociadas a resistencia (RAV), como ya se ha demostrado con el    ABT&#45;530 o el ABT&#45;493. Se prev&eacute; incluso que se acorte la duraci&oacute;n    del tratamiento.</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>&nbsp;</b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="3" face="verdana"><b>CONCLUSIONES</b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">La    coinfecci&oacute;n VIH/VHC ha sufrido una revoluci&oacute;n que ha sacudido    los paradigmas previos y acerca la erradicaci&oacute;n del VHC. Para conseguirlo    cabr&aacute; adem&aacute;s atajar el problema del elevado porcentaje de infectados    no diagnosticados. Con los AAD se ha salvado la brecha que les separaba de los    pacientes monoinfectados y les condenaba a menores tasas de respuesta terap&eacute;utica,    las interacciones y la toxicidad farmacol&oacute;gica que pon&iacute;a en riesgo    la cumplimentaci&oacute;n, y a una mayor morbimortalidad hep&aacute;tica. Con    esta nueva etapa se abren nuevos retos: debido al aluvi&oacute;n de nuevas mol&eacute;culas    debemos estar alerta ante potenciales interacciones farmacol&oacute;gicas, especialmente    con f&aacute;rmacos asociados a patolog&iacute;as prevalentes asociadas al envejecimiento,    reacciones adversas a medio&#45;largo plazos, am&eacute;n de la aparici&oacute;n    de resistencias. Finalmente, es imprescindible dedicar esfuerzos a los grupos    de respuesta sub&oacute;ptima, a aumentar la detecci&oacute;n de casos sin diagnosticar,    sobre todo, en las poblaciones ocultas, y a garantizar la transparencia y la    cobertura universal en todos los contextos cl&iacute;nicos.</font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana"><b>&nbsp;</b></font></p>     <p style='margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align: justify;text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="3" face="verdana"><b>REFERENCIAS    BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p style='margin&#45;top:0cm;margin&#45;right:0cm; margin&#45;bottom:0cm;margin&#45;left:32.2pt;margin&#45;bottom:.0001pt;text&#45;align:justify; text&#45;justify:inter&#45;ideograph;text&#45;indent:&#45;18.0pt;line&#45;height:150%'><font color="#000000" size="2" face="verdana">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;Global    AIDS Update 2016. 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