<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2218-3620</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Universidad y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Universidad y Sociedad]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2218-3620</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial "Universo Sur"]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2218-36202019000200031</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de cointegración entre el gasto en ciencia y tecnología y el producto interno bruto. Caso Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cointegration analysis between the expense on science and technology and the gross national product. Case Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quinde Rosales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silvera Tumbaco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carla]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaca Pinela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Agraria de Ecuador  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>36</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2218-36202019000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2218-36202019000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2218-36202019000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El objetivo de este análisis es determinar la relación y dirección causal entre el gasto en CyT y el Producto Interno Bruto - PIB en un periodo de análisis de 1990 al 2015, con datos del Banco Central del Ecuador (BCE) y la Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología Iberoamericana e Interamericana (RICYT). Se utilizó la prueba de raíz unitaria Dickey-Fuller Aumentada - DFA, se generó un modelo de vectores autorregresivos - VAR, se realizó la prueba de causalidad de Granger y se desarrolló la prueba de cointegración de Johansen demostrando la no estacionariedad de las variables en estudio. Como resultado se obtuvo un modelo VAR de dos variables con un número de rezagos óptimo de cinco - VAR2 (5) y una causalidad unidireccional por parte del CyT al PIB. Se estableció que las variables se mueven conjuntamente a lo largo del tiempo y las diferencias entre ellas son estables, lo que establece como criterio que el gasto generado por CyT sugestiona al PIB ecuatoriano.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to determine the relationship and the causal direction between expenses on S &amp; T and the Gross National Product (GNP) from 1990 to 2015 with data from Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE) and Ibero-American Network of Science and Technology Indicators - Ricyt. It was used a Unitary Root and Augmented Dickey-Fuller - ADF test, it was generated a Vector Autoregressive model VAR, a Granger causality test and a Johansen Cointegration test. Further analysis showed the non-stationary of the variables under study, as a result it was achieved a VAR model with two variables with a number of optimal lags of five - VAR2(5) which was tested its causality by S &amp; T into GDP. It means that variables move together over time and the differences between them are stable, which establishes as a criterion that the expenditure generated by S&amp; T suggests to the Ecuadorian GDP.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ciencia y tecnología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[producto interno bruto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cointegración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[causalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[raíz unitaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vector autorregresivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Science and technology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gross national product (GNP)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cointegration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[causality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[unitary root]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[autoregressive vector]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado-Anastacio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quinde-Rosales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bucaram-Leverone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El sector agrícola no tradicional y su relación con el producto interno bruto del Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>11-29</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[El Misionero del Agro]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bacon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Novum Organum]]></source>
<year>1949</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Losada]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buendía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluación del potencial del desarrollo en ciencia y tecnología en México 2000-2015]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Informa]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<numero>402</numero>
<issue>402</issue>
<page-range>13-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Seminario Metodología de la Investigación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín del Archivo Arquidiocesano de Mérida]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>27</numero>
<issue>27</issue>
<page-range>25-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Ecuador. Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Transformación de la matriz productiva]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SENPLADES]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economía neo-schumpeteriana, innovación y política tecnológica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de economía]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>38</numero>
<issue>38</issue>
<page-range>79-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gálvez-Albarracín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maldonado-Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efecto de la innovación en el crecimiento y el desempeño de las Mipymes de la Alianza del Pacífico. Un estudio empírico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estud. gerenc]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>141</numero>
<issue>141</issue>
<page-range>326-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hatch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mowery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Process innovation and learning by doing in semiconductor manufacturing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Management Science]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1461-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibujés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benavides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Contribución de la tecnología a la productividad de las pymes de la industria textil en Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de economía]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>115</numero>
<issue>115</issue>
<page-range>140-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keupp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palmié]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gassmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The strategic management of innovation: A systematic review and paths for future research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Management Reviews]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>367-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marx]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El capital]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<edition>3ª</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Pricewater house Coopers</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La Alianza del Pacífico. Una nueva era para América Latina]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edita PwC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reichstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigating the sources of process innovation among UK manufacturing &#64257;rms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial and Corporate Change]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>653-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schumpeter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle]]></source>
<year>1934</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La ciencia y los paradigmas de la política científica, tecnológica y de innovación, en Estudio social de la ciencia y la tecnología desde América Latina]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo del Hombre Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
