<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2304-0106</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anales de la ACC]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2304-0106</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia de Ciencias de Cuba]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2304-01062022000300028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Resistencia pretratamiento del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 a fármacos antirretrovirales en Cuba: 2009-2017]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Pretreatment human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance in cuban patients during the period 2009-2017]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machado Zaldivar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liuber Yans]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco de Armas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Madeline]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dubed Echevarría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marta]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romay Franchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dania]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdés de Calzadilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Neisy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noa Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Rizo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura Sofía]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Guevara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Teresa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez Batista]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anamary]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mireida]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de la Defensa Civil Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sida ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ La Habana]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ La Habana]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2304-01062022000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2304-01062022000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2304-01062022000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción.  La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda la realización de estudios representativos a nivel nacional para estimar la prevalencia de la resistencia pretratamiento del VIH a los antirretrovirales (PDR) para evaluar la efectividad de las terapias de primera línea. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de PDR en adultos cubanos infectados por el VIH-1.  Métodos.  Se determinó la resistencia del VIH a los antirretrovirales a 610 pacientes cubanos en dos períodos de tiempo (469 pacientes entre 2009-2016 y 141 pacientes durante la encuesta nacional de PDR del VIH-1 efectuada durante el año 2017, según las recomendaciones emitidas por la OMS).  Resultados y Discusión.  En el período 2009-2016, el 19 % de los pacientes presentaron virus con alguna mutación asociada a la PDR del VIH-1 a los antirretrovirales (10,4 % a algún inhibidor de la transcriptasa inversa análogo de nucleósidos (ITIAN), 12,8 % a algún inhibidor de la transcriptasa inversa no análogo de nucleósidos (ITINAN), 2,8 % a algún inhibidor de proteasa (IP). En el año 2017, la prevalencia de PDR fue de 29,8 % (95 %, IC 22,3-38,1). La prevalencia fue de 10,6 % (95 %, IC 6,07-16,9) para algún ITIAN, 23,4 % (95 %, IC 16,7-31,3) para algún ITINAN y 1,4 % (95 %, IC 0,17-5,03) para algún IP. Se concluyó que los valores por encima del 10 % en la prevalencia de la PDR a los ITINAN evidencia el comprometimiento de la primera línea de terapia antirretroviral empleada en Cuba y la necesidad de buscar nuevas opciones de tratamiento.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends conducting nationally representative studies to estimate the prevalence of HIV pretreatment resistance to antiretrovirals (PDRs) to assess the effectiveness of first-line therapies. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of PDR in Cuban adults infected with HIV-1.  Methods. HIV resistance to antiretrovirals was determined in 610 Cuban patients in two time periods (469 patients between 2009-2016 and 141 patients during the national survey of HIV-1 PDR conducted during 2017, according to the recommendations issued by the WHO).  Results and Discussion.  In the period 2009-2016, 19% of the patients presented viruses with some mutation associated with the PDR of HIV-1 to antiretrovirals (10,4 % to some nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), 12,8 % to some non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), 2,8 % to some protease inhibitor (PI). In 2017, the prevalence of PDR was 29,8 % (95 %, CI 22,3-38.1). The prevalence was 10,6 % (95 %, IC 6,07-16,9) for some NRTI, 23,4 % (95 %, CI 16,7-31,3) for some NNRTI, and 1,4 % (95 %, CI 0,17-5,03) for some PI. It was concluded that the NNRTI prevalence above 10 % in our study indicates that the first-line antiretroviral therapy in Cuba may be less effective and supports the need to look for new treatment options.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[VIH-1]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resistencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[subtipos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tratamiento antirretroviral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cuba]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV-1]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[subtypes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antiretroviral treatment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cuba]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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