<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2304-0106</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anales de la ACC]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2304-0106</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia de Ciencias de Cuba]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2304-01062023000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Origen, evolución y patogenia del CRF19_cpx, forma recombinante de VIH-1 con alta prevalencia en Cuba]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Origin, evolution and pathogenesis of CRF19_cpx. A recombinant form of HIV-1 with high prevalence in Cuba]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kourí Cardellá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vivian]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lissette]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Montesinos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yenisleidys]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhukova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez Batista]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anamary]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gascuel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Olivier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Han]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rui]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Melissa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pintos Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yanet]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machado Zaldívar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liuber Yans]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noa Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dávila Felipe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miraine]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Voznica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jakub]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[To]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thu-Hien]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Ávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto Brito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yudira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baños Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yoanna]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ La Habana]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Pasteur Unidad de Bioinformática Evolutiva Departamento de Biología Computacional]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ París]]></addr-line>
<country>Francia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigaciones de la Defensa Civil Laboratorio de Investigaciones del SIDA ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ La Habana]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2304-01062023000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2304-01062023000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2304-01062023000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción:  El CRF19_cpx es una forma recombinante de los subtipos D, A1 y G del VIH-1 reportado por primera vez en pacientes cubanos. Esta variante se ha diseminado en Cuba y ha sido asociada a la rápida progresión al sida. El objetivo de la investigación ha sido profundizar en el origen, evolución y patogenia del CRF19_cpx.  Métodos:  Se determinó el subtipo de VIH-1 en 701 muestras durante el período 2014-2019 mediante secuenciación del gen pol. La relación entre los subtipos y el uso del correceptor se realizó con 176 plasmas, de ellos 107 del período 2014-2016 y 69 del período 2017-2019. La predicción del fenotipo viral (R5, R5X4 o X4) se generó con Geno2pheno a partir de secuencias parciales del gen env. Para determinar el origen y evolución del CRF19_cpx se utilizaron 350 secuencias parciales (pol y env) de pacientes cubanos y 350 de Los Álamos. Se realizaron análisis utilizando enfoques de máxima verosimilitud incluyendo la reconstrucción de filogenia, el análisis espacio-temporal de la propagación del virus y la reconstrucción del carácter ancestral, así como el modo de transmisión.  Resultados y discusión:  Los subtipos de VIH-1 más frecuentes fueron el B, el CRF19_cpx y los CRF_BG (20, 23, 24). El CRF19_cpx se asoció con el uso del correceptor CXCR4 (p&lt;0,05) siendo frecuente entre individuos con diagnóstico reciente (36,4 %, p=0.0081). El CRF19_cpx se recombinó entre 1966 y 1977, posiblemente entre la comunidad cubana residente en el Congo y se introdujo en Cuba a finales de los 70, probablemente por la provincia de Villa Clara y luego a La Habana. En conclusión, el tropismo preferencial por el correceptor CXCR4, del CRF19_cpx acompañado de una mayor replicación viral y sin relación con el tiempo de diagnóstico ha reforzado la hipótesis de que esta variante viral pudiera tener mayor patogenicidad. El análisis filogenético mostró una introducción muy temprana de CRF19_cpx en Cuba, lo que explicaría su éxito epidemiológico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction: CRF19_cpx is a recombinant form of HIV-1 subtypes D, A1 and G, which was first reported in Cuban patients. This variant has spread in Cuba and has been associated with rapid progression to AIDS. The objective of this research has been to go deeper into the origin, evolution and pathogenesis of CRF19_cpx.  Methods:  HIV-1 subtype was determined in 701 samples from the 2014-2019 periods by pol gene sequencing. The relationship between the subtypes and the use of the co-receptor was carried out with 176 plasmas: 107 from the years 2014-2016 and 69 from 2017-2019. The prediction of the viral phenotype (R5, R5X4 or X4) was generated with Geno2pheno, from partial sequences of the env gene. To determine the origin and evolution of CRF19_cpx, 350 partial sequences (pol and env) from Cuban patients and 350 from Los Alamos were used. Analyses were performed using maximum likelihood approaches including: reconstruction of phylogeny, spatio-temporal analysis of virus spread, reconstruction of ancestral character and mode of transmission.  Results and discussion:  The most frequent HIV-1 subtypes were B, CRF19_cpx and CRF_BG (20, 23, 24). CRF19_cpx was associated with the use of the CXCR4 co-receptor (p &lt;0.05), being frequent among individuals with a recent diagnosis (36.4%, p = 0.0081). CRF19_cpx was recombined between 1966 and 1977, possibly among the Cuban community stationed in Congo, and was introduced in Cuba in the late 1970s, probably through the province of Villa Clara and then to Havana. It is concluded that the preferential tropism for the CXCR4 co-receptor, detected in CRF19_cpx, accompanied by greater viral replication and unrelated to the time of diagnosis of the patients, reinforces the hypothesis that this viral variant could have greater pathogenicity. Phylogenetic analysis showed a very early introduction of CRF19_cpx in Cuba, which could explain its epidemiological success.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CRF19_cpx]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tropismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patogenia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[origen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[evolución]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CRF19_cpx]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pathogenesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[origin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[evolution]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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