ALONSO GALBAN, Patricia et al. Envejecimiento poblacional y fragilidad en el adulto mayor. Rev Cubana Salud Pública [online]. 2007, vol.33, n.1.
ISSN 0864-3466.
|
|
2. Composortega Cruz S. Características generales de la población de la tercera edad en el mundo. En: Centro Interamericano de Estudios de Seguridad Social,editor. El adulto mayor en América Latina: sus necesidades y sus problemas médico sociales. México DF: CIRSS, OPS, OMS;1995. [ Links ] 4. Prieto O, Vega E. La atención al anciano en Cuba. Desarrollo y perspectivas. La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas;1996. [ Links ] 6. Espinosa JM. El anciano en atención primaria. Aten Primaria. 2000;26:515-6. [ Links ] 7. Mussoll J. Resultados de la aplicación en atención primaria de un protocolo de valoración geriátrica integral en ancianos de riesgo. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2002; 37 (NM 5):249-53. [ Links ] 8. Tenntedt SL, Mc Kinlay JB, Sullivan LM. Informal care for frail elders: the role of secondary caregivers. Gerontologist. 1989;29:677-83. [ Links ] 9. Guigoz Y, Vellas B, Garry PJ. Mini Nutritional Assessment: a practical assessment tool for grading the nutritional state of elderly patients. Facts Res Gerontol. 1994;Suppl 2:15 -59. [ Links ] 10. Report of the council on scientific affairs: American Medical Association white paper on elderly health. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:2459-72. [ Links ] 11. Kessel H. La edad como criterio. Med Clin (Barc). 1998;110:736-9. [ Links ] 12. Rodríguez Mañas L. Envejecimiento y enfermedad: manifestaciones y consecuencias. En: Fernández-Ballesteros R, editor. Gerontología Social. Madrid: Pirámide;2000.p. 153-65. [ Links ] 13. Mañas R. Aproximación al desarrollo de un Programa Nacional de Investigación sobre Envejecimiento desde el concepto de fragilidad. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2001;36 (NM 3):24-35. [ Links ] 14. Finch CE, Tanzi RE. Genetics of aging. Science. 1997; 278:407-11. [ Links ] 15. Halliwell B. The antioxidant paradox. Lancet. 2000;355:1179-80. [ Links ] 16. De la Fuente C. Fundamentos demográficos y biomédicos para una atención sanitaria específica al anciano. En: Rodríguez Mañas L, Solano Jaurrieta JJ, editores. Bases de la Atención Sanitaria al Anciano. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Medicina Geriátrica; 2001.p.15-55. [ Links ] 17. Hayflick L. The future of ageing. Nature. 2000;408:267-9. [ Links ] 18. Buchner DM, Wagner EH. Preventing frail health. Clin Geriatr Med. 1992; 8:1-17. [ Links ] 19. Vellas BJ, Wagne JS, Romero L, Baumgarten RN, Rubenstein LZ, Garry PJ. One-leg balance is an important predictor of injurious falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:735-8. [ Links ] 20. Alarcón T, González Montalvo JI. Fragilidad y vejez compañeros inevitables de camino[editorial]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 1997; 32 (NM1):1-2. [ Links ] 21. Rocabruno JC. Tratado de Gerontología y Geriatría Clínica. La Habana: Editorial Científico Técnica;1999. [ Links ] 22. Salgado A. Geriatría. Historia, definición, objetivos y fines, errores conceptuales, asistencia geriátrica. Medicine (Madr). 1983;50:3235-9. [ Links ] 23. González-Montalvo JI, Pérez del Molino J, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Salgado A, Guillén F. Geriatría y asistencia geriátrica: para quién y cómo (I). Med Clin (Barc). 1991;96:183-8. [ Links ] 24. Campbell AJ, Buchner DM. Unstable disability and the fluctuations of frailty. Age and ageing. 1997;26:315-8. [ Links ] 25. Gealey SG. Quantification of the term frail as applied to the elderly client. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 1997;9:505-10. [ Links ] 26. Brown I, R enwick R, Raphael D. Frailty: constructing a common meaning, definition, and conceptual framework. Int J Rehabil Research. 1995;18:93-102. [ Links ] 27. Castelblanque E, Albert Cuñat V. ¿Quiénes son los ancianos frágiles –ancianos de riesgo? Estudio en personas mayores de 65 años del Área Sanitaria de Guadalajara. Medicina General. 2002;45:443-680. [ Links ] 28. Redin JM. Comprehensive geriatric assessment (I). Evaluation of the geriatric patient and the concept of fragility. Anales del Sistema de Salud. 2002. SP3:34-49. [ Links ] 29. Batzán JJ, Valero C, Regalado P, Carrillo E. Evaluación de la fragilidad en el anciano. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 1997;32:26-34. [ Links ] 30. Fried LP, Walston J. Frailty and failure to thrive. In: Hazzard WR, Blass JP, Ettinger WH, Halter JB, Ouslander JG, editors. Principles of geriatric medicine and gerontology. 4th ed. Nueva York: McGraw-Hill;1999.p.1387-402. [ Links ] 31. Hammerman D. Toward an understanding of frailty. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:945-50. [ Links ] 32. Selva A, San José A, Solans A, Villardell M . Características diferenciales de la enfermedad en el anciano. Fragilidad. Medicine (Madr). 1999;124:5789-96. [ Links ] 33. Brocklehurst JC. The geriatric sevice and the day hospital. In: Brocklehurst JC, editor.Texbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology. 3th ed. Edinburg: Churchill- Livingstone;1985.p.982-95. [ Links ] 34. Batzán Cortés JJ. Atención sanitaria al anciano frágil: de la teoría a la evidencia científica. Med Clín. 2000;115 (NM 18):707-17. [ Links ] 35. Powell C. Frailty: help or hindrance? J R Soc Med. 1997;90( Suppl):23-6. [ Links ] 36. Fried LP. Frailty. In: Hazzard WR, Bierman EL, Blass SP, editors. Principles of Geriatric and Gerontology. 3th ed. Nueva York: McGraw Hill;1994.p.1149-56. [ Links ] 37. Strawbridge WJ, Shema SJ, Balfour JL, Higby HR, Kaplan GA. Antecedents of frailty over three decades in an older cohort. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1998;53:S9-16. [ Links ] 38. Rockwood K, Fox RA, Stolee P, Robertson D, Beattie BL. Frailty in elderly people: an evolving concept. CMAJ. 1994;150:489-95. [ Links ] 40. Manual de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud para la atención al adulto mayor. Washington: OPS;2003. [ Links ] 41. Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol Am Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59: 55-63. [ Links ] 42. Lipsitz LA, Goldberger AL. Loss of ‘‘complexity'' and aging. Potential applications of fractals and chaos theory to senescence. JAMA. 1992;267:1806–9. [ Links ] 43. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2001;56A: M146-M56. [ Links ] 44. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people . CMAJ. 2005;173(5): 489-95. [ Links ] 45. Hogan DB, MacKnight C, Bergman H. Steering Committee, Canadian Initiative on Frailty and Aging. Models, definitions, and criteria of frailty [review]. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15(Suppl 3):1-29. [ Links ] 46. Clark LP, Dion DM, Barker WH. Taking to bed. Rapid functional decline in an independently mobile older population living in an intermediate-care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:967-72. [ Links ] 47. Chin A Paw MJ, Dekker JM, Feskens EJ, Schouten EG, Kromhout D. How to select a frail elderly population? A comparison of three working definitions. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52:1015-21. [ Links ] 48. Canadian Study of Health and Aging Working Group. Disability and frailty among elderly canadians: a comparison of six surveys. Int Psychogeriatr. 2001;13Suppl 1:159-68. [ Links ] 49. Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, MacKnight C, McDowell I, Hébert R, Hogan DB. A brief clinical instrument to classify frailty in elderly people [letter]. Lancet. 1999;353(9148):205-6. [ Links ] 50. Rockwood K, Mitnitski A, MacKnight C. Some mathematical models of frailty and their clinical implications. Rev Clin Gerontol. 20 02;12:109-17. [ Links ] 51. Lipsitz LA. Physiological complexity, aging and the path to frailty [review]. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. 2004;16. [ Links ] 52. Mitnitski AB, Song X, Rockwood K. The estimation of relative fitness and frailty in community-dwelling older adults using self-report data . J Gerontol Am Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:M627-32. [ Links ] 53. Song X, Mitnitski A, MacKnight C, Rockwood K. Assessment of individual risk of death using self-report data: an artificial neural network compared with a frailty index. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:1180-4. [ Links ] 54. Rockwood K, Howlett SE, MacKnight C, Beattie BL, Bergman H, Hebert R, et al. Prevalence, attributes, and outcomes of fitness and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: report from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. J Gerontol Am Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:1310-7. [ Links ] 55. Jones DM, Song X, Rockwood K. Operationalizing a frailty index from a standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:1929-33. [ Links ] 57. Abizanda P. Predictores de mortalidad, deterioro funcional e ingreso hospitalario en una muestra de ancianos residentes en la comunidad. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 1998; 33 (NM 4):219-25. [ Links ] 58. Fried LP, Kronmal RA, Newman AB. Risk factors for 5 years mortality in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA. 1998;279:585-92. [ Links ] 59. De Alba C, Gorroñogotía A, Litago C, Martín I, Luque A. Actividades preventivas en los ancianos. Aten Primaria. 2001;2(Suppl 2):161-80. [ Links ] 60. Elkan R, Kendrick D, Dewey M, Hewitt M, Robinson J, Blair M, et al. Effectiveness of home based support for older people: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2001;323:1-9. [ Links ] 61. Simon C. The role of the primary care team in support of informal carers. Br Community Nurs. 2002;7:6-14. [ Links ] 62. Pathy MSJ, editor. Principles and practice of geriatric medicine. 3th ed. Chichester : John Wiley & Sons;1998. [ Links ] 63. Cassel ChK, Cohen HJ, Larson EB, Meier DE, Resnick NM, Rubenstein LZ, editors. Geriatric medicine. 3th ed. Nueva York: Springer;1997. [ Links ] 64. Grimley Evans J, Franklin Williams T, editors. Oxford textbook of geriatric medicine. Oxford : Oxford University Press;1992. [ Links ] 65. Tallis RC, Fillit HM, Brocklehurst JC, editors. Brocklehurst's textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology. 5th ed. Edimburgo: Churchill-Livingstone;1998. [ Links ] 66. Hazzard WR, Blass JP, Ettinger WH, Halter JB, Ouslander JG, editors. Principles of geriatric medicine and gerontology. 4th ed. Nueva York: McGraw-Hill;1999. [ Links ] 67. Ribera JM. Servicios de geriatría hospitalarios: ¿valen para algo? Med Func Hosp. 1995;1:191-7. [ Links ] 68. Martín E, Fontanals MD. Puntualizaciones sobre la atención sociosanitaria. Med Clin (Barc). 1994;102:519. [ Links ] 69. Campion EW. The value of geriatric interventions. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1376-8. [ Links ] 70. Programa de Atención Integral al Adulto Mayor [serie en Internet]. [citada 2005 ]. Disponible en: http://aps.sld.cu/bvs/materiales/programa/pronacional.html [ Links ] 71. Alvarez Sintes R. Temas de Medicina General Integral. T1. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Médicas;2001. [ Links ] 72. Perdomo Victoria I, Torres Páez ML, Astraín Rodríguez ME. Morbilidad y mortalidad de los ancianos en el municipio Habana Vieja (1994-1996). Rev Cubana Salud Pública. 1999;25(2):143-53. [ Links ] 73. Muir JA, Almind G, Freer C, Warshaw G. Screening and case finding. I n: Muir JA, editor. Prevention of disease in the elderly. New York : Churchill-Livingston;1995.p. 51-3. [ Links ] 74. Winograd CR, Meghan MB, Brown E. Targeting the hospitalized elderly for geriatric consultation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;36:1113-9. [ Links ] 75. Comité de Expertos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, editores. Planificación y Organización de los Servicios Geriátricos. Ginebra: OMS;1974. [ Links ] 76. Mossey J, Shapiro E. Self-rated health: a predictor of mortality among the elderly. Am J Public Health. 1982;72:800-8. [ Links ] 77. Taylor R, Ford G. The elderly at risk: a critical examination of commonly identified risk groups. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1983;33:699-705. [ Links ] 78. Katz S, Branch LG, Branson MH, Papsidero JA, Beck JC, Greer DS. Active life expectancy. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:1218-24. [ Links ] 79. Williams ES, Barley NH . Old people not known to the general practitioner: low risk group. BMJ. 1985;291:251-4. [ Links ] 80. Williamson J, Smith RG, Burley LE. Prevention, screening and case finding in primary care. In: Williamson J, Smith RG, Burley LE, editors. Primary care of the elderly. A practical approach. Bristol : Bath Press; 1 987.p.141-57. [ Links ] 81. Solomon DH, Judd HL, Sier HC, Rubinstein LZ, Morley JE. New issues in geriatric care. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:718-32. [ Links ] 82. Branch LG, Meyers AR. Assessing physical function in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 1987; 3:29 -51. [ Links ] 83. Pawlson LG. Hospital lenght of stay of frail elderly patients: primary care by general internists versus geriatricians. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;36:202-8. [ Links ] 84. Tinetti ME. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1701. [ Links ] 85. Jagger C, Clark M. Mortality risks in the elderly: Five year follow-up of a total population. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17:111-4. [ Links ] 86. Kaplan G, Barell V, Lusky A. Subjetive state of health and survival in elderly adults. J Gerontol. 1988; 43(S):S114-S20. [ Links ] 87. Narian P, Rubenstein LZ, Wieland D. Predictors of immediate and six month outcomes in hospitalized elderly patiens. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;36:775-83. [ Links ] 88. Branch LG, Wetle TT, Scherr PA. A prospective study of comprehensive medical home care use among the elderly. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:255-9. [ Links ] 89. Shapiro E, Tate R. Who really is at risk of institutionalization? Gerontologist. 1988; 28:237-45. [ Links ] 90. Roos NP, Roos LL, Mossey J. Using administrative data to predict important health outcomes: entry to hospital, nursing home and death. Med Care. 1988;26:221-37. [ Links ] 91. Woodhouse K, Wynne H, Baillie S. Who are the frail elderly? Q J Med. 1988;28:505-6. [ Links ] 92. Mac Adam M, Capitman J, Yee D. Case management for frail elders: the Robert Wood Johnson Foundations. Program for hospital initiatives in long-term care. Gerontologist. 1989;29:737-44. [ Links ] 93. Williams E. Caring for elderly people in the community. 2nd ed. London: Chapman and Hall;1989. [ Links ] 94. Williamson JD, Fried LP. Targeting disabled and at risk older adults for inclusion in population based studies. Muscle Nerve. 1997;Suppl 5:S21-6. [ Links ] 95. Applegate WB, Miller ST, Gramey MJ. A randomized controlled trial of a geriatric assessment unit in a community rehabilitation hospital. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322:1572-8. [ Links ] 96. Guralnik JM, LaCroix AZ, Branch LG, Kasl SV, Wallace RB. Morbidity and disability in older persons in the years prior to death. Am J Public Health. 1991; 81:443-7. [ Links ] 97. Speechley M, Tinetti M. Falls and injuries in frail and vigorous community elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:46. [ Links ] 98. W inograd CH, Gerety MB , Chung M. Screening for frailty: criteria and predictors of outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:778-84. [ Links ] 99. González JI, Salgado A. Manejo del paciente anciano en atención primaria. Líneas Guía. Aten Primaria. 1992;9:219-26. [ Links ] 100. Incalci AR, Capparella O, Gemna A. A simple method of recognizing geriatric patiens at risk for death and disability. J Am Geriatric Soc. 1992;40:34-8. [ Links ] 101. Shahtahmasebi S, Davies R, Wenger GC. A longitudinal analysis of factors related to survival in old age. Gerontologist. 1992;32:404-13. [ Links ] 102. Fried LP, Williamson JD, Kaspar J. The epidemiology of frailty: scope of the problem. In: Perry HM. Morley JE, Coe RM, editors. 3th ed. Aging and Musculoskeletal Disorders: Concepts, Diagnosis, and Treatment. New York: Springer;1993.p.3-15. [ Links ] 103. Ory MG, Schechtman KB, Miller JP, Hadley EC, Fiatarone MA, Province MA, et al. Frailty and injuries in later life: the FICSIT trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:283-96. [ Links ] 104. Boult C, Dowd B, Mc Caffrey D, Boult L, Hernández R, Krulewitch H. Screening elders for risk of hospital admission. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:811-7. [ Links ] 105. Mc Fall S, Miller BH. Caregiver burden and nursing home admission of frail elderly persons. J Gerontol. 1992;47(2):573-9. [ Links ] 106. Czaja SJ, Weber RA, Nair SN. A human factor analysis of ADL activities: a capability-demand approach. J Gerontol. 1993;48(spec No.):44-8. [ Links ] 107. Solomon DH, Wagner DR, Marenberg ME, Acampara D, Cooney LM, Inonge SK. Predictors of formal home health care use in elderly patients after hospitalization. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:961-6. [ Links ] 108. Schulz R, Williamson GM. Psychosocial and behavioral dimensions of physical frailty. J Gerontol. 1993;48(spec No.):39-43. [ Links ] 109. Mulrow CD, Gerety MB, Cornell JE, Lawrence VA , Kanten DN. The relationship between disease and function and perceived health in very frail elders. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42:374-80. [ Links ] 111. Severson MA, Smith GE, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC, Koknen E. Patterns and predictors of institutionalization in community-based dementia patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42:181-5. [ Links ] 112. Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49:M85-94. [ Links ] 113. Wallace JI, Schwartz RS, LaCroix AZ, Uhlmann RF, Pearlman RA. Involuntary weight loss in older outpatients: incidence and clinical signifi- cance. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:329-37. [ Links ] 114. Gray-Donald K. The frail elderly: meeting the nutritional challenges. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95:538-40. [ Links ] 115. Frisoni GB, Franzoni S, Rozzini R, Ferrucci L, Boffelli S, Trabucchi M. Food intake and mortality in the frail elderly. J Gerontol Am Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50A:M203-10. [ Links ] 116. Tsuji I, Whalen S, Finucane TE. Predictors of nursing home placement in community-based long term care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:761-6. [ Links ] 117. Fox KM, Hawkes WG, Magaziner J, Zimmerman SI, Hebel JR. Markers of failure to thrive among older hip fracture patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:371-6. [ Links ] 118. Sarkisian CA , Lachs MS. “Failure to thrive” in older adults. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124:1072-8. [ Links ] 119. Reuben DB. Warning signs along the road to functional dependency [editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:138-9. [ Links ] 120. Hildebrand JK, Joos SK, Lee MA. Use of the diagnosis “failure to thrive” in older veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:1113-7. [ Links ] 121. Rockwood K. Medical management of frailty: confessions of a gnostic. CMAJ. 1997; 157:1081-4. [ Links ] 122. Kim SH, Wolde-Tsadik G, Reuben DB. Predictors of perceived health in hospitalized older persons: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997; 45:420-6. [ Links ] 123. Ritchie CS, Burgio KL, Locher JL, Cornwell A, Thomas D, Hardin M, et al. Nutritional states of urban homebound older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:815-8. [ Links ] 124. Markson EW. Functional, social, and psychological disability as causes of loss of weight and independence in older community-living people. Clin Geriatr Med. 1997;13:639-45 [ Links ] 125. Hebert R. Functional decline in old age. CMAJ. 1997;157:1037-45. [ Links ] 126. Rosenthal AJ, Sanders KM, McMurtry CT, Jacobs MA, Thompson DD, Gheorghiu D, et al. Is malnutrition overdiagnosed in older hospitalized patients? Association between the soluble interleukin-2 receptor and serum markers of malnutrition. J Gerontol Am Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53:M81-6. [ Links ] 127. Fried LP, Guralnick J. Disability in older adults: evidence regarding significance, etiology and risk. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:92-100. [ Links ] 128. Guralnik JM. Assessment of physical performance and disability in older persons. Muscle Nerve. 1997;Suppl 5:S14-6. [ Links ] 129. Katz IR, DiFilippo S. Neuropsychiatric aspects of failure to thrive in late life. Clin Geriatr Med. 1997;13:623-38. [ Links ] |