Original article

The statements in the deciphering of chronicle

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2378-6953Carlos Sánchez Cutiño^{1  *}  , 0000-0002-1426-1792Odalis Lorié González²  , 0000-0003-0961-2268Marisel Salles Fonseca² 

¹ Universidad de Moa Dr. Antonio Núñez Jiménez. Cuba.

² Universidad de Guantánamo. Cuba.

ABSTRACTS

A system of enunciations in the deciphering of Ernesto Guevara's chronicles is presented. Theoretical-methodological considerations were obtained for the development of the Spanish program in the training of Engineers in Metallurgy and Materials. The assessment of the statements derived from the selected texts fosters affective identification with them and serves as the basis for understanding attitudes, values, qualities and modes of action in the training of the future engineer. For this, the theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and the practical ones: interview, participant observation and document review.

Key words: Chronicles; Decoding; Enunciations; Comprehension; Training

Introduction

The 21st century is characterized in the training of professionals by accelerated changes in the face of the challenges of globalization, transformations in economic relations in society, modifications in the system of social and individual values and advances in science and technology.

In this context, Cuban Higher Education is considering reformulating policies and strategies for change. This entails focusing attention on the training process of professionals; as well as using methods and management styles that contribute to greater participation, commitment, motivation and creativity of students and professors, as active subjects of the transformations and decisive indicator of university excellence.

In this order, the Metallurgy and Materials Career designs as a social task the formation of integral professionals committed to the Cuban social project, capable of defending the Revolution, defenders of a scientific, humanistic, economic, legal, civic and environmental culture in any social space that allows them to influence the sustainable and prosperous development of the country.

As part of this major effort, a system of skills that future engineers should develop is expressed, among the basic aspects is the construction with professionalism, text comprehension and implementation of curricular strategies on economics, history of Cuba, computing, ecology, as well as the integration of knowledge for the understanding and solution of complex professional problems with the participation of several subjects of the year in the work or integrative course projects that require the development of textual decoding at a higher level.

These purposes are explicitly expressed in the general objectives of the subject Spanish, which in its analytical program, values the importance of the Spanish language as an essential element of national identity and considers the textual comprehension of varied texts as one of the basic pillars on which the training of these professionals is based, with emphasis on the decoding of chronicles.

Chronicles are determined as a specific and representative type of text in the training of engineers, because they reflect the extractive activity, that is, the one referred to the extraction of minerals and metallurgy carried out in the Latin American continent.

The comprehension of chronicles requires the construction of enunciators favoring the decoding of this type of text.

For this work a diagnosis was made, whose results justify the need to solve the problem through the elaboration of enunciations for the specific treatment of the comprehension of Ernesto Guevara's chronicles, which enriches the didactic-methodological preparation of the teachers of the Spanish discipline in the university and strengthens the humanistic formation of the graduates.

A central aspect in the treatment of the topic is the theory of enunciation, defined in its general elements as "the performance of an action of a linguistic nature, linked to the historical event of enunciation, the result of which is the linguistic product enunciated". ^{Herrera (2006}).

This theory applied to the study of language in Higher Education is supported by Marxist philosophy, the postulates of the cultural historical approach of ^{Vigotsky, (1982}) the activity theory of ^{Leontiev, (1981}) that of developmental learning of Castellanos et al. (2002) and above all the Cognitive, Communicative and Sociocultural Approach, of Roméu applied in a non-philological career. (2013).

Other researchers, have provided epistemological gaps of value in the design of enunciations for the treatment of comprehension valid for the research presented, among them ^{Lorié (2008)}. ^{Roméu (2013)}, ^{Salles & Turro (2015)}, ^{Martínez (2019)}.

These researches propose foundations for the application of the cognitive-communicative and sociocultural approach and valuable didactic proposals: strategies, methodologies, learning exercises for working with specific literary genres and systems of enunciations for working with comprehension.

Specifically, this work proposes enunciations for the decoding of Ernesto Guevara's chronicles in the training of Metallurgy and Materials Engineer.

Development

The design of enunciations for the comprehension of the chronicles is defined as the systematized sequence of questions established to determine the essential and constant aspects in Ernesto Guevara's work.

With the enunciation, the semiotic level or level of virtual meaning of the organized sentences is produced, according to the grammatical rules of the language system. In this creative act, language is used to express a certain relationship with the world.

In the enunciation, the category of time is systematized, with the use of the historical present, which is possible through the act itself.

It is considered that between the forms that constitute the act of enunciation (the deixis of I, you, here, now), and the world represented in the utterance, emphasis is placed on the marks of person, space and time, with emphasis on the marks of verbal tenses. ^{Herrera (2006}).

This author values, as a relevant aspect, the structure of the enunciative plane of the story that corresponds to the world narrated and organized as a story, where the chronological time narrated is somewhat distant from the here and now, and which has been studied by other researchers. From this it can be inferred that it can be used for the study and understanding of chronicles as a type of textual construction that semantically incorporates the narration of events that take place in a specific time and space and constitute a reflection of objective reality.

To this is added, as an expression of the relation between thought and language, the treatment of pragmatic enunciation, systematized by ^{Lorié (2008)}, which is assumed in this article with adaptations, according to the typology of chronicles, from considering the textual connotative enunciation component with its levels:

1. Connotative textual enunciation at the level of locutionary translation: the speaker expresses the explicit and implicit intentions of the text read. It is formed by a content, based on the comprehension of the text that integrates the translation and the construction of acts oriented to the discovery of meanings.

2. Textual connotative enunciation at the level of illocutive interpretation: it expresses the intentional decision of the speaker. It is made up of a content that implies the evaluation, the emission of judgments on texts read and the construction of acts that allow for critical action.

3. Textual connotative enunciation at the level of perlocutionary extrapolation: it expresses the contextual transcendence that the text acquires in the speaker. It is based on the content of the text and the construction of acts that imply a reaction to what is read, application and modification of behaviors.

In accordance with what has been expressed, we proceed to designate a valid system of enunciations for the textual treatment of the chronicle³, in the Spanish program in the Metallurgy and Materials Engineering career that takes into account the integration of the semantic, pragmatic and stylistic aspects of the analyzed text.

System of enunciations for the treatment of chronicles

Enunciations at the locutionary⁴ translation level

• What kind of chronicle is it?

• What is it about?

• Where, when and why does the event narrated occur?

• Analyze the grammatical categories present in the selected chronicle fragment and draw conclusions?

• How is the narrator's relationship with the material and spiritual world reflected in the analyzed chronicle revealed?

Enunciations at the level of illocutionary interpretation

• How to relate this chronicle with others of the author's production?

• What are the key words? Analyze their frequency of use.

• How do you judge the narrator Ernesto Guevara?

• What value do you place on understanding and constructing chronicles in the Metallurgy and Materials career?

Enunciations at the level of perlocutionary extrapolation

• How to relate this chronicle with others of this author's production? Summarize it in a table, according to: theme, typology, work context, social criticism.

• List the elements that characterize Ernesto Guevara's chronicle and the contexts in which a metallurgical engineer develops his activity. Write down the differentiating features.

• How can this context be related to other similar contexts in Latin America?

• With the identified key words, construct a technical letter in which you give a professional use to the terms, oriented to the elaboration of your final work of the integrating subject of the career.

• Create your own chronicle on the basis of a relevant personality of metallurgy in Moa.

The design of organized enunciations allows the teacher the orientation of developmental activities articulated to the strategies used for understanding, what and how to enunciate the situations that Ernesto Guevara's chronicles go through as part of the modifications that the genre itself has undergone in Latin America.

It is important through the enunciations that the teacher feeds back the process of metacognition for awareness. This perspective makes it possible to examine the performance and the mistakes made, to determine what procedure or analysis strategy has been put into practice. This implies that it plays, intentionally, its potentialities and that it assumes a participative methodological performance, according to the diagnosis and characterization.

The design of enunciations for the comprehension of the chronicles establishes a relationship with the intentional demonstration, defined as the set of actions that the teacher transfers to the student to decode Ernesto Guevara's chronicles.

The intentional demonstration must reveal, on the basis of the contextual aspect of the chronicles, a second aspect, determining a foreground and background of the object (this stage of the comprehension of the phenomenon supposes an approach to it until entering into direct contact, as well as an examination at different angles).

Here a contact takes place, a direct interaction of the student and the teacher with the object, and the approach to it at a certain angle, the formation of a "subject-object" system and the conversion of the object into the object of knowledge is carried out. At this level, the object is examined from very close, and in the ideal situation it is approached from all angles.

In turn, at the operational level, it determines the procedures and technique that allow us to look inside the investigated phenomenon (the revelation of its external envelope, the penetration in depth and the examination of elements that constitute the structure); here the dismemberment of the object takes place and its structure is revealed.

At this level, linguistic-stylistic and statistical methods must be applied in the recognition of aspects related to the language of the work and the use of the results of this calculation for various purposes that allow conclusions to be drawn about the characteristics of the chronicle developed by Ernesto Guevara.

The engineer in training is related to the university, community and business contexts, which constitutes a premise in the integral formation from the detection and acquisition of the cultural values of the metallurgical plants and the communities where they are located.

This articulation allows associating what is understood with reality and contributing to its transformation, by incorporating the technologies and techniques of metallurgical exploitation, the research related to these areas and the mining-metallurgical chronicles where the problems of their inhabitants are revealed.

When an enunciation that includes the creation of chronicles on relevant mining and metallurgy personalities is oriented, it is suggested to start from oral or written testimonies that have had experiences related to Ernesto Guevara during his stage as Minister of Industries. These works would provide students with the link between linguistic aspects and sociocultural and labor aspects.

From the assumed position, all the spheres of the metallurgical, mining or geological industry in the local context are considered, its scientific, economic, social and cultural role in the historical development of humanity is reinforced, its impact on the training of professionals, especially the production of nickel plus cobalt where engineers will exert their influence.

Conclusiones

Enunciations are proposed for the contextual deciphering of Ernesto Guevara's chronicles, which guide, methodologically, how to proceed before the typologies and variants of this genre. Text comprehension is articulated with the construction of enunciations that go through three fundamental levels favoring a decoding of meanings oriented to a technical-professional training.

Referencias bibliográficas

Castellanos Simons, D., Castellanos Simons, B., Llivina Lavigne, M. J., Silverio Gómez, M., Reinoso Cápiro, C. y García Sánchez, C. (2002). Aprender y enseñar en la escuela. Una concepción desarrolladora. La Habana: Pueblo y Educación.

Herrera, J. (2006). Teorías de Pragmática, de Lingüística textual y de Análisis del Discurso. Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha.

Leontiev, A. (1981). Actividad. Conciencia. Personalidad. La Habana: Pueblo y Educación .

Lorié González, O. (2008). Modelo de la comprensión de textos en la formación del Licenciado en educación Primaria. (Tesis inédita de doctorado). Universidad de Ciencias Pedagógicas “Frank País”. Santiago de Cuba.

Martínez Chibás, O. (2019) La construcción de textos literarios en la formación inicial del profesional de Español-Literatura. Tesis presentada en Opción al Grado Científico de Doctor en Ciencias Pedagógicas. Santiago de Cuba.

Roméu Escobar, A. (2013). Aplicación del enfoque cognitivo, comunicativo y sociocultural en asignaturas no filológicas. La Habana: Pueblo y Educación .

Salles-Fonseca, M., & Turro-Carratalá, M. (2015). El legado guevariano desde sus potencialidades axiológicas, presencia y urgencia en la universidad cubana actual. EduSol, 15(52), 69-81.

Vigotsky, L. S. (1982). Pensamiento y lenguaje. La Habana: Pueblo y Educación .

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Received: February 25, 2022; Accepted: May 12, 2022

*Autor para la correspondencia: [e-mail]