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Introduction
The crucial role of tense/time and space/place in media and media production is obvious and therefore most of the researchers in the media studies, communication studies, (critical) discourse analysis and in other related fields explored tense/time and space/place in media and in media production. For example, Rantanen (2004), discusses time, place and space in the special chapter of her book titled “The Media and Globalization”. In her seminal work on media discourse, Talbot (2007), considers time and place as one of the reconfigurations of media discourse. Agha (2007), explores the term “mass mediated spacetime” based on the famous theory of “chronotopes” by Bakhtin (1981). Perrino (2011), also uses the theory of chronotopes while analysing narratives in interviews. One of the most important and intriguing issues is whether time/tense or space/place is more important in media and media production. Ryfe (2016), insists on the more important role of time in media production: “Ethnographies of media production are of course about space -getting to a location and inhabiting that place with others. But they are also about time and, as I think back on my own ethnographic research, I realize that, of the two, time has been the more important”. (p. 38)
It is interesting that the most authors in the field use both terms place and space or even prefer place to space. Tsatsou (2009), explains the difference between space and place in media as follows: “Space becomes place when it acquires symbolic meaning and a concrete definition marking the whole spectrum of identity and sense of belonging” (p. 12). From this perspective, it is more preferable to study concrete place rather abstract space especially based on media discourse.
The discourse-based study of media in general and particularly news enables to conduct in-depth analysis of the role of time and place in this crucial genre of media. Bell (1991), made one of the first attempts in this field focusing on the role of time and place in news in his famous book The Language of News Media. Meanwhile the analysis of other studies in the field reveals more distinctive attitude to tense/time and space/place. Montgomery (2007), discusses space and tense in two separate chapters of his book titled. The discourse of broadcast news. In one chapter, he focuses on space from the perspective of the space of the news studio vs. the space of the news field and in another chapter, on tense while discussing some textual features of television news. Bednarek (2016), focuses on the role of proximity and timeliness also in two separate sections while discussing news values in social media. In other studies of news, either tense/time or space/place is in focus. For example, Chovanec (2014), addresses the whole spectre of issues related to the pragmatics of tense and time in news. On the other hand, Hart (2015), attaches a special attention to space and the link between spatial properties and ideological evaluation based on the analysis of online news reports while discussing certain theoretical issues such as the ways how to formulate a grammar of “viewpoint’. In overall, the researchers in the field prioritize the study of tense/time over space/place in news and do not consider space/place as the central factor rather playing mostly supportive role.
The analysis of the recent literature in the field (Tenenboim-Weinblatt & Neiger, 2018; Sanders & Van Krieken, 2019; Lavi, 2020) among others, suggests that this trend persists with the main focus on tense and time perception in news as well as on the role of time in the construction of news narratives and also in the construction of meaning in news. For example, Sanders & van Krieken (2019), analysed the linguistic representations of tense and time deixis in news narratives from the cognitive linguistics perspective while considering the role of space (narrative space and reality space) as abstract and supportive. Meanwhile, this paper prioritizes neither time, nor place equally focusing on the study of time and place in news discourse especially on their correlation from a linguistic perspective. As the language in news discourse is considered stylistically and functionally as one of the richest, it is intriguing to analyse the ways how time and place are represented linguistically (using the devices from literal and figurative language) in news discourse. Such a linguistic approach can allow a more in-depth analysis of the concepts of time and place and can also help us to understand how these concepts are shaped in news discourse, not only from linguistic, but also from political, social, economic and cultural perspectives. Thus, the study of time and place in news and in general in media can shed a light on a better understanding of their nature as the social and cultural phenomena.
Development
News has always been on the top of the media studies because of its historically important mission in society (Rantanen, 2009). In the most cases, printed, electronic and online news are primarily produced by the news agencies which operate almost in all countries fulfilling very important function in society: to deliver information about politics, economy, culture, health, showbiz, sports, weather, etc. Almost all (probably, except some entertainment magazines, movie channels and music channels) traditional media outlets deliver this news and the news produced by their own sources to the audience. New information and communication technologies enabled many of the traditional news-oriented media outlets (British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News, Associated Press, France Press, etc.) to be global or led to establishing global traditional news-oriented media outlets such as Cable News Network (CNN), Euronews, France 24, etc. In addition, new media outlets such as social networks (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) have untraditional forms of presentation or conveying news with their own sources of information.
It is obvious that as newspapers, radio, TV and internet sources contain news reporting particular events, the forms of presentation of this news may vary. Despite the fact that with the fast development of online news outlets (online newspapers, sites, social networks, etc.) many traditional rules are changing, all these media sources have the similar characteristics in terms of the presentation of news: some news is presented in the form of information and some is presented in the form of a storytelling or narrative. Another important factor is the producer of news who presents facts in a way that is designed to arouse the receiver`s interest, attention and curiosity. It is also possible to present facts in a way that will influence and even manipulate the receiver`s view of them. These strategies are among the most important during construction of news texts and production of news discourses.
The presentation of news by various printed, electronic, and online media outlets depends on many factors of the linguistic and extra-linguistic nature. The producers of the news try to present them in the most reader-friendly manner in order not to distract the attention of the audience and to keep their interest. In this connection, the role of the structure of news text and news discourse is crucial. For example, Van Dijk (1988, p. 26) introduces the notions “schemata“ and “superstructures” which are instrumental in constructing news texts and news discourses. Steen, et al., (2010) suggest that these two notions predict the use of headlines in news discourse that has crucial role in attracting and keeping the audience’s interest.
On the other hand, news is traditionally neutral and contains main message to be delivered to the audience without considerable emphasizing or salience. It implies that basically the role of subjectivity in the construction of news texts is less than in other genres of media discourse. Meanwhile, news producers are not always or can`t be objective. As a result, we see how the receiver of news texts is not entirely the receiver of new information on recent events. He/she is the receiver of selected information on recent events as this information may usually be presented or conveyed with clear political, ideological or cultural marking that makes it very difficult for the receiver to make judgement independently about these events.
The recent studies in the field which analyze the specific ways (such as strategy and issue frames) in conveying political news in new media suggest that these frames affect the audience in a different way: the strategy based news yield more cliques while issue based news yield more comments and reactions (Stroud & Muddiman, 2019). The results show that the audience tends to focus on a salient issue which matters in political news and the producers of news take this fact into account.
Meanwhile, regardless of the forms of presentation, news texts and news discourses have a common feature. They must answer to two key questions: when and where. For the news readers, the importance of when and where is usually equal to the importance of what and who and it sometimes even prevails. Actually, the real producer of news is society and it is delivered for society. That is why when and where have been prioritized in news regardless of whether it is presented in the form of informative text or narrative text. In this connection, it is intriguing to analyze the ways how when and where are represented linguistically in news discourse. This approach which can be characterized as an event-oriented contrasts to an approach which can be characterized as a person-oriented (Ryfe, et al., 2016). The event-oriented approach in the study of news prioritizes the role of time and place in the production and delivering news because what makes what or who valuable in terms of news is when they are in action which implies time and place.
Intuitively time plays more important role in news than place because the news implies first of all its delivering to the audience in time, i.e. the related text is expected to tell and to reflect the events as well as to comment and to analyze them as fast as possible. If news is not new, then it can lose its relevance and market value. On the other hand, the linguistic devices (grammatical, lexical, metaphoric and metonymic) under analysis are used in news discourse to navigate the audience not only in time, but also in place. Despite the fact that the readers become increasingly well-informed in the era of advanced information technologies, both time and place retain their crucial necessity in news. Actually, news outlets are struggling to meet this demand. Therefore, the producers of news texts tend to cover the stories in an explicit way focusing on the key linguistic devices, including the linguistic markers of time and place. In fact, the grammatical, lexical, metaphorical and metonymical representations of time and place are very important tools for the receiver of the news text not only to understand, but also to react in an appropriate way, which is the main goal of the news producers.
Thus, the goal of the research is to study time and place equally focusing on both concepts to reveal how they are shaped in news discourse. It adds an extensive attention to the issue of correlation of time and place in news discourse which is key in understanding the role of time and place in this genre.
In total, texts from 15 articles on political, economic, daily life, health and sport news produced by the leading news agencies (Reuters, AP), newspapers (Financial Times, The Times, USA TODAY, The Washington Post, The Guardian, Telegraph) and TVs (CNN, BBC) published between 2015 and 2020 have been collected for discourse analysis with the elements of critical discourse analysis, which implies a transdisciplinary and text-analytical approach (Cap, 2020). A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification (Steen et al. 2010) has also been used to identify the linguistic metaphors and metonyms which represent time and place in the news texts under analysis. Based on this theoretical framework, the tense forms of the verb, time and place adverbs (now, then, today, there, here, etc.), other temporally (the names of the weekdays and months, culture-specific Christmas, Easter, etc.) and spatially (the geographical names, the names of international and regional organizations, culture-specific Scotland Yard, etc.) marked words and phrases used in these news texts have been explored. The reason why the focus is on the news texts from various media outlets is the desire to demonstrate the ways how language shapes time and place in the news discourse regardless of whether the news have been produced by news agency, newspaper, radio and TV or whether we deal with online, print, radio and TV news discourse (Bednarek & Caple 2012).
There is no specific structural criterion for the selection of the corpus under analysis because basically all news texts have the similar structure, which includes the headline and the main body (informative and narrative). Despite the obvious fact that the headline is more dynamic than the main body of any news text and therefore time and place are shaped in a more explicit way in this subgenre, the focus in the paper is on both subgenres as they are expected to complement each other not only structurally but also pragmatically and cognitively.
This part of the paper scrutinizes the instances of usages of the grammatical (the tense forms of the verb, time and place adverbs) and lexical (temporally and spatially marked words and phrases) devices as the tools extensively used in news discourse for functional- pragmatic and cognitive purposes building the correlation of time and place. For the purposes of our study, the most appropriate time adverbs are yesterday, today, now and tomorrow and place adverbs are here, there. Tense and time and place adverbs have been extensively and well-studied in terms of their deictic functions and their role in deictic conceptualization of time and place (Huddleston, 1969; Levison, 1983; Lenz, 2003; Evans, 2013; Chilton, 2014). As the news is normally designed to refer to the recent, very recent, developing and future events and stories the grammatical markers of the past simple, the present simple, the present continuous, the present perfect as well as of the future simple tense forms of the verb are crucial in terms of their role as the deictic references to the surrounding world as seen below:
Clemson tops coaches poll. Defending champs No. 1 in preseason ranking for first time (USA TODAY, May 8, 2019).
The present simple form of the verb top plays an important role in the temporal localization in this news discourse from USA TODAY. The producers do not feel necessity to represent place explicitly due to the specifics of this newspaper, which is oriented mostly on the national, rather international news. The same is true for The Times. In the following news text from this newspaper, place is not so explicitly represented even if the story is globally important such as the coronavirus pandemic.
Alice Thompson, Rachel Sylvester, Chris Smyth, Oliver Wright. Saturday, April 11th, 2020. The Times. Coronavirus vaccine could be ready by September. Leading scientist is 80 per cent sure drug will work
A vaccine against coronavirus could be ready as soon as September, the British scientist leading one of the world’s most advanced efforts has said. Sarah Gilbert, professor of vaccinology at Oxford University, told The Times she was “80 per cent confident” that the vaccine being developed by her team would work, with human trials due to begin in the next fortnight. The government signaled that it would be willing to fund the manufacture of millions of doses in advance if results looked promising. This would allow it to be available immediately to the public if it were proven to work. With ministers struggling to find a strategy to exit the lockdown, long-term hopes of a return to normality rely on a vaccine.
The producers of this news article focus on the main topic (pandemic) of their story and on the temporal markers by September, sure, will work in the headline as time matters due to the urgency of the vaccine for the country and the world. So, place has only been mentioned in the main body by the use of British and Oxford University, whereas time has been represented by the numerous grammatical and lexical devices: as soon as, September, has said, told, was, being developed, would work, to begin, in the next fortnight, would be willing to fund, looked, would allow, were proven. Probably the journalists of The Times assume that such representations of place in the main body is sufficient from the perspective of the audience as it means that the story happens in the UK.
In contrast, when media outlets are globally oriented (such as Financial Times), the news producers usually focus on place. It should be underlined that the grammatical and lexical representations of time function in combination with the grammatical and lexical representations of place as seen in the following column titled World Week in Review from Financial Times.
Donald Trump agreed with the leaders of Mexico and Canada to renegotiate the trade deal between the three countries after the US president had previously threatened to ditch the accord, the North American Free Trade Agreement. But while Mr Trump has given up on his plan to announce Nafta`s termination at a rally today commemorating his 100 days in office, he still says he could pull out if the talks with the US neighbors fail.
Nafta underpins more than $1tn in annual trade and many companies` supply chains. Mr Trump`s critics have been aghast at the suggestion of scrapping the deal and argue the confusion highlights the White House`s chaotic style of policymaking. (Financial Times, 29th April/30th April, 2017, p.2)
This news text delivers the news happened in the last week (World Week in Review) and this factor plays very important role in the linguistic representations of time in it. The combination of the usages of the various grammatical (the tense forms of the verbs including Past Simple agreed, Past Perfect had previously threatened, Present Perfect has given up, have been aghast and Present Simple says, underpins, argue, the time adverb today) and of the lexical representations of time 100 days in office shapes a kind of temporal continuity that is crucial in news discourse. The spatially marked words such as Mexico, Canada, the three countries, the US add the value associated with place building temporal and spatial harmony in this news discourse.
The same correlation between time and place could be easily observed in the following headlines where this correlation is the crucial factor due to the specific nature of this subgenre.
In this headline, the present simple of the verb send in the third person singular sends and the spatially marked words UK and EU are the key linguistic devices representing time and place in harmony. This harmony makes the headline more dynamic which is crucial in terms of attractiveness and understanding. The readers or viewers prefer dynamic news which tell more about time and place. On the other hand, by perceiving time and place in dynamism, they understand the headline (or any other type or genre of text) in a more comprehensive way.
In one of the recent studies in this field, Sanders & Van Krieken (2019), explore the ways how tense and time deixis construct news narrative. The analysis of these temporally marked grammatical elements is a quite productive way to understand the nature of the news narrative as their role in its construction is crucial. The following news narrative from CNN clearly demonstrates it.
After five years of growth, the collective wealth of the world's billionaires dropped by 4.3%, or $388 billion, according to a new report from Swiss bank UBS and auditing firm PwC. By the end of the year, there were 57 fewer global billionaires, for a total of 2,101 worldwide (CNN Business, 8th November 2019).
The headline contains the lexical representation of place the world, whereas the grammatical representations of time prevail in the main body of this news text. The past simple dropped, were and the time adverbs after five years and by the end of the year construct the narrative based on the mostly temporal markers. But some spatially marked words such as Swiss bank UBS have been added in this text which shows that place can`t be ignored in such narrative.
Thus, despite the obvious dominance of time and temporal markers in news narrative, the representations of place are also very important because of the fact that sometimes the role and significance of place for the audience prevail over the role and significance of time in this genre and it is fixed through the various place adverbs and spatially marked words and phrases. Sometimes news producers feel necessity to make temporally and spatially marked words emphatically marked (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2013) by using emphatic grammatical elements or constructions. The ongoing coronavirus related news from around the world and especially from Italy are good examples how journalists try to cover these tragic developments by producing the relevant texts with a special explicit focus on place. The nature of the pandemic requires more attention to place rather to time and therefore countries, regions, cities and even towns draw a special interest in the news as seen below.
Italians over 80’ will be left to die` as country overwhelmed by coronavirus. Erica Di Blasi. The Telegraph March 14th, 2020, 7:12 PM+4
Medical staff walk out of a tent at one of the emergency structures that were set up to ease procedures at the Brescia hospital, northern Italy - Luca Bruno/AP. Coronavirus victims in Italy will be denied access to intensive care if they are aged 80 or more or in poor health should pressure on beds increase, a document prepared by a crisis management unit in Turin propose.
Italy has 5,090 intensive care beds, which for the moment exceeded the number of patients who need them. It is also working to create new bed capacity in private clinics, nursing homes and even in tents. However, the country also needs also doctors and nurses - the government wants to hire them - and equipment.
Lombardy remains the most critical region. However, the situation is also serious in neighboring Piedmont. Here, in just one day, 180 new cases were recorded, while deaths numbered 27. The trend suggests that the situation is not about to improve.
The headline and the main body of this piece of the news text published by The Telegraph based on the report from Associated Press clearly demonstrate the strong desire of the author to place emphasis on place rather on time. In the headline, the uses of two linguistic representations of place Italians, country and only one linguistic representation of time will be left and in the main body, the uses of emergency structures, Brescia hospital, Northern Italy, Italy, Turin, Italy, private clinics, nursing homes, tents, the country, Lombardy, region, Piedmont in combination with the emphatic deictic place adverb here reflect it. These spatially marked words have been used in correlation with the numerous temporally marked words and phrases in this news discourse. Some of them such as the time adverb now and the temporally marked phrase in just one day, as well as the future and the present tenses of the verbs will be, says, remains, aim, want have also been used emphatically.
For the same reason, place is also in focus in the following news text from The Washington Post.
The US authorities on Tuesday reported 30,700 more people infected with the novel coronavirus and over 1,800 more deaths-the highest daily death toll so far.
But amid the grim data, some officials said they saw the grounds of hope that the pandemic`s devastation would at least be not as bad as the direst projections.
New York, the state hit hardest by the virus, reported its highest daily death toll-731. But Democratic Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo said the number of new patients admitted to hospitals appeared to be trending downwards.
The spatially marked US, New York, the state are the key linguistic devices in this news text because they matter more under the current circumstances related with the pandemic. Meanwhile temporal markers Tuesday, reported, so far, said, saw, admitted are also very important as their correlation with the spatial markers are crucial in any news discourse. So, the grammatical and lexical representations of time and place play important role in the pragmatics as well as in the cognition of this news discourse.
Thus, the analyzed grammatical and lexical devices provide an excellent tool for the producers of news to deliver their messages in the most effective way.
Time and place can be represented in news discourse also by metaphor and metonymy which have been extensively studied at the conceptual and at the linguistic levels (Lakoff, 1993; Semino, 2008; Denroche, 2014). The analysis of the usages of metaphor and metonymy shows that they are very effective tools at the disposal of the producers of discourses across types and genres. In this connection, the researchers pay special attention to media discourse and its genres especially news discourses (Kennedy, 2000; Molek-Kozakowska, 2014; Burgers, et al., 2018). News discourse is among the most typical from this perspective as the use of metaphor and metonymy is one of the most productive ways to be brief and effective that are crucially important for this genre. The metaphorically and metonymically used words and phrases make news texts non-redundant and thus very effective instrument to persuade, to control and/ or to manipulate the audience.
Thus, the goal of this chapter is the analysis of the ways how linguistic metaphor and metonymy represent time and place in news discourse in combination with the other grammatical and lexical representations. It is obvious that while analyzing temporally marked metaphors or time metaphors the researchers have always taken into consideration space/place focusing on their correlation through such concepts as trajectory (i.e. located entities). For example, Johansson (2016): “On the structure of the inverse Moving Observer/Moving Time metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999) instances such as these should be construed relative to a Moving Observer, and trajectory people that move relative to fixed durations of TIME (as reflected in e.g. when we come to launching the 4th edition in early 1990). My analysis, however, suggests that our understanding of TIME through SPACE is more nuanced than suggested by these metaphors. In this specific context, trajectory are not typically people in motion, but rather events or processes located in, or on, unit of time landmarks”. (p. 28)
This approach for analysis of TIME metaphors which prioritizes events or processes is similar with the event-oriented approach for the discourse analysis of time and place in news. News producers use the metaphorical and metonymical representations of time and place in harmony with the tense forms of the verb, the infinitive, time and place adverbs as well as with the temporally and spatially marked words. The following headline from Reuters demonstrates it.
According to A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification, the first step is to establish contextual meaning of these words and phrases and the “next step is to check whether there is a meaning that is more basic than the contextual meaning (Steen, et al., 2010, p. 45). In this news headline, the iconic word Brexit that has spatial dimension has been used metaphorically with the temporally and culturally marked Christmas based on indirectness and contrast building a very interesting spatial and temporal harmony. The present simple of the verb promise also plays very important role in building this harmony. In the following piece of the news text, the culturally and temporally marked Easter has also been used metaphorically:
Charles Trepany, USA TODAY, April 8th, 2020. Coronavirus and Easter: 7 tips for making the most of the holiday while in quarantine
Though many celebrations have been cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, Easter, occurring this year on April 12th, doesn`t have to be one of them.
In the headline, Coronavirus has been used in combination with Easter to represent time. In the main body, the representation of time is also in focus as Easter has been used metaphorically with doesn`t have to be one of them based on indirectness in combination with the temporally marked occurring this year on April 12th. Place is not in focus in this news because of the orientation of USA TODAY on the local news discussed previously. In contrast, the following news text from Financial Times shows how the news producers focus on place:
Poland to sell debt at a negative yield. Joel Lewin and Elaine Moore. Poland has become the first emerging market to sell debt at a negative yield, underscoring the relentless decline of borrowing costs in global markets (Financial Times, 29th April 2015, p. 30)
This news text is quite typical in terms of the instances of the use of metaphor which represents place. The word Poland with the basic spatial meaning (the name of the country) has been associated with market based on indirectness and similarity between the two semantic domains. An element of similarity could be found between Poland (as a place) and market (as a place) in this news discourse. The uses of the spatially marked Poland in combination with the temporally marked to sell in the headline and in combination with the temporally marked has become and to sell in the main body build another temporal and spatial harmony. The analysis of the data suggests that metonymy is even more frequent choice in news discourse especially in the headline than metaphor. In this connection, the headline Poland to sell debt at a negative yield of the above-mentioned news text from Financial Times is quite symptomatic.
It is interesting that some words with basic spatial meaning can be used metaphorically with no reference to place rather to other entities such as government as seen below:
Beijing (Reuters)-The United States is the world`s biggest source of instability and its politicians are going around the world baselessly smearing China, the Chinese government`s top diplomat said on Saturday in a stinging attack at a G20 meeting in Japan. 24th November 2019
The contextual meaning of the United States (government) in this news text differs from its basic spatial meaning (the name of the country) as the United States has been used with the words as the world`s biggest source of instability based on indirectness and contrast. The temporally marked is, are going, said on Saturday are very important elements in the building spatial and temporal harmony in this news. The same is true for the linguistic metonymies that have also been frequently used for the same purpose but mostly in the headlines. For example.
China can go carbon neutral by 2050 while still growing its economy. Report by Laura He, CNN Business, November 22th, 2019
England face a tough battle to save the first Test against New Zealand after BJ Watling scored a superb double century on day four in Mount Maunganui. By Jack Skelton, BBC Sport, 24th November 2019.
Texas prepares for a pandemic first: a jury trial by Zoom. By Nate Raymond, Reuters, May 18th, 2020.
Yard apology after ‘night stalker’ jailed. Vikram Dodd and Amelia Hill. Scotland Yard yesterday admitted one of the biggest errors in its history after it accepted that blunders by officers led to 146 elderly people becoming victims of a “perverted, callous and violent” serial sex attacker and burglar (The Guardian, 2019).
China, England, Texas and Scotland Yard that have basic spatial meaning actually refer to the respective Chinese government, England cricket team, Texas state authority (in the USA) and London Metropolitan Police in the news discourses under analysis. The difference between China, England, Texas on the one hand and Scotland Yard on the other hand is that the first three words maintain their basic spatial meaning (the names of the countries and of the state), whereas the phrase Scotland Yard has lost its basic meaning and become a linguistic metaphor. Meanwhile, in all four news discourses, China, England, Texas and Scotland Yard have been used metonymically to refer to place. The uses of these linguistic metonymies in the combination with other spatially marked New Zealand and Mount Maunganui and also with the temporally marked can go, by 2050, face, after, on day four, prepares, after, jailed, yesterday, admitted, after, accepted, led build the same harmony that is crucial in news.
Conclusions
Various grammatical, lexical, metaphorical and metonymical representations of time and place are among the most common linguistic choices of the producers in news discourse. These devices are used for various construal and pragmatic purposes. In addition to the construal and pragmatic functions, they play a key role in the cognitive processes within news discourse. In this connection, the role of metaphorical and metonymical representations of time and place is very important. The reason why the producers of news tend to use linguistic metaphor and metonymy so frequently is that they have strong cognitive effect on the audience. They help the audience to understand the news text in a more specific and sometimes culturally marked (Christmas, Easter, Scotland Yard, etc.) way as all parameters of time and place matter in this genre.
One of the most interesting is the instances of the usages of the grammatical, lexical, metaphorical and metonymic representations of time and place, which build the correlation of time and place and thus temporal and spatial harmony in news discourse. For example, despite the obvious fact that the tense forms of the verb are not as explicit as other grammatical, lexical, especially metaphorical and metonymical representations of time and place, their role is very important in building this harmony that is crucial in the process of perception by the participants within news discourse. Despite the fact in overall the temporal markers prevail over spatial markers, both concepts and their linguistic representations are equally important in this genre. Thus, the correlation of the various linguistic representations of time and place in news discourse ideally construct meaning in this genre.
