SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.54 issue2Effect of the use of Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) meal on productive indicators of quailsEffect of Moringa oleifera forage meal as an additive on health indicators of broilers author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing  

My SciELO

Services on Demand

Journal

Article

Indicators

  • Have no cited articlesCited by SciELO

Related links

  • Have no similar articlesSimilars in SciELO

Share


Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science

Print version ISSN 0864-0408On-line version ISSN 2079-3480

Cuban J. Agric. Sci. vol.54 no.2 Mayabeque Apr.-June 2020  Epub June 01, 2020

 

ANIMAL SCIENCE

Use of diets with Moringa oleifera forage meal for White Leghorn L 33 laying hens and replacement pullets

O. Mesa1  * 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-9231

M. Valdivié1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-0307

Bárbara Rodríguez1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-9346

C. B.V. Rabello2 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-162X

I. Berrio1 

Zulima Couso1 

1Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba

2Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Zootecnia, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos 52.171-900 Recife, PE, Brasil

Abstract

In order to include levels of Moringa oleifera forage meal in diets for White Leghorn L33 replacement pullets (9 to 18 weeks old) and laying hens (19 to 26 weeks old), two experiments were performed. In experiment 1, 0, 10, 15 and 20% of moringa forage meal was used in the diet for replacement pullets. These animals were randomly distributed, according to a completely randomized design in four treatments with six repetitions each. They received food and water ad libitum. Food intake, food conversion, tarsus length, live weight and organs (ovary, oviduct and liver) weight from 9 to 18 weeks of age showed no differences (P <0.05) among treatments. Abdominal fat deposition was reduced in treatments with 15 and 20%. In experiment 2, fowls from control and treatment with 20% of experiment 1 were used. In week 26, hens consuming 20% of moringa presented similar productive indicators to control treatment, with increased yolk pigmentation. For L33 replacement pullets, from 9 to 18 weeks of age, the use of up to 20% of Moringa oleifera forage meal in diets did not affect growth, productive performance, nor development of ovaries and oviduct. In L33 laying hens, 19 weeks old, the use of 20% of Moringa oleifera forage meal in diets allowed reaching the laying peak at 26 weeks of age.

Keywords: food; trees; Moringa oleifera; replacement pullets

The use of fibrous foods in the feeding of replacement pullets and laying hens favors the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract of animals, reduces digestive disorders and does not affect productivity at the beginning and during laying (Bouali et al. 2013).

The use of Moringa oleifera is an encouraging possibility for animal feed, due to the high content of proteins, amino acids, minerals and vitamins that leaves and forages contain (Madalla et al. 2013 and Alegbeleye 2018), where all essential amino acids (Mune et al. 2016) and the low content of anti-nutritional substances (Makkar and Becker 1997) are highlighted.

The use of Moringa oleifera forage meal in diets for broilers with high growth potential (Ebenebe et al. 2012, Gadzirayi et al. 2012 and Kaijage et al. 2014) is recorded at moderate levels, which are between 10 and 15%. Meanwhile, in fowls with lower growth potential (fowls native from Nigeria), their effective use is reported at levels between 8 and 24% of the diet (Ayssiwede et al. 2011). Similarly, in diets for laying hens, between 5 and 10% are recommended (Kakengi et al. 2007, Olugbemi et al. 2010, Abou-Elezz et al. 2011 and Valdivié et al. 2016), as a partial substitute of soybean and corn.

In the consulted literature, there is not much information about the use of moringa in White Leghorn replacement pullets. Therefore, this study aims to include levels of Moringa oleifera forage meal in replacement diets, intended for replacement pullets (between 9 and 18 weeks of age) and for White Leghorn L33 laying hens, at the beginning of laying peak (26 weeks old).

Materials and Methods

The experiment was carried out in the Poultry Experimental Unit of the Institute of Animal Science (ICA), located at km 47½ Carretera Central, San José de las Lajas municipality, Mayabeque province.

Supergenius variety of moringa forage was used in both experiments and it was cut at 55 d of regrowth. Later, it was air dried under roof for five days and then, it was ground in a hammer mill at 1.5 mm in particle size.

Two experiments were performed. Experiment 1 consisted of the use of 0, 10, 15 and 20% of moringa forage meal in the diet for replacement pullets from 9 to 18 weeks of age. For experiment 2, the same animals from control and 20% of moringa forage meal treatments of experiment 1 were used, from 19 to 26 weeks of age.

For preparing diets, the chemical analysis of moringa forage meal was carried out, according to AOAC (2007). Moringa forage meal contained 89% dry matter, 17% crude protein, 13% crude fiber, 3.42% calcium, 0.1% available phosphorus, 4.07% ether extract and 8.49% ashes. Available phosphorus was estimated by considering that young fowls use 30% of total phosphorus, and adults needed 50% (Scott et al. 1982). Amino acid content of Moringa oleifera forage meal was determined in AMINOLab Evonik Industries, Germany (table 1).

Table 1 Amino acid content of Moringa oleifera forage meal, at 55d of regrowth 

Amino acids, % Dry matter 100 %
Methionine 0.243
Cystine 0.395
Methionine + Cystine 0.640
Lysine 0.511
Threonine 0.489
Tryptophan 0.149
Arginine 1.198
Isoleucine 0.494
Leucine 0.865
Valine 0.634
Histidine 0.238
Phenylalanine 0.576
Glycine 0.719
Serine 0.527
Proline 0.665
Alanine 0.728
Aspartic acid 1.032
Glutamic acid 2,118

Metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated according to the value of a Janssen (1989) equation, which fits this type of food:

ME = 39.15 x% Dry matter  39.15 x% Total ashes  9.72 x% Crude protein  63.81 x% Crude fiber

With this equation, the energy estimate of Moringa oleifera forage of 5.799 Mj of ME/kg (1386 kcal/kg) was obtained, and this value was used for diet formulation.

Experiment 1. An amount of 120 White Leghorn L33 replacement pullets, with 9 weeks of age and mean liveweight of 673 g/pullet, was used. They were housed in metal cages of 1 m2, at the rate of five animals per cage. Hens had water at will in nipple drinkers and ad libitum food in linear feeders. They received a natural lighting regime of 12 h per day between February and May. They were vaccinated against Marek's disease, infectious bronchitis, avian smallpox, Gumboro and Newcastle, according to standards of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Cuba

These fowls were randomly distributed, according to a completely randomized design. Four treatments were established, which consisted of the inclusion of 0, 10, 15 and 20% of Moringa oleifera forage meal in the diet, with six repetitions. Each cage constituted an experimental unit.

The composition of the diets for replacement pullets, from 9 to 18 weeks of age, is shown in tables 2 and 3. They were formulated as recommended by UECAN (2013) for the poultry category under study, in terms of crude protein, amino acids, calcium and phosphorus. Diets were non-isoenergetic.

Table 2 Composition and calculated nutrient contribution in diets with Moringa oleifera forage meal for replacement pullets (9 to 16 weeks) 

Raw matters Moringa forage meal (%)
0 10 15 20
Corn meal 70.00 70.48 67.44 63.72
Soy bean meal (44% CP) 19.90 16.05 14.59 13.10
Inert filler (sand) 5.66 0 0 0
Moringa meal 0 10 15 20
Dicalcium phosphate 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57
Calcium carbonate 1.52 0.53 0.04 0
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
DL methionine 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10
L- lysine 0 0.01 0.01 0.01
Premix1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Calculated nutrient contribution
Crude protein 14.50 14.50 14.50 14.50
Metabolizable energy, Mj/kg 11.79 12.08 11.80 11.45
Available phosphorus, % 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
Total calcium, % 0.95 0.92 0.90 1.05
Methionine + Cystine, % 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.57
Lysine, % 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65
Threonine, % 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52
Tryptophan, % 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18
Crude fiber, % 2.26 3.36 3.88 4.40

1Premix: Vitamin supplement: vit. A, 10,000UI; vit. D3, 2,000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vit. B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg. Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt 0.75 mg

Table 3 Composition and calculated nutrient contribution in diets with Moringa oleifera forage meal between 17 and 18 weeks of age 

Raw matters Moringa forage meal (%)
0 10 15 20
Corn meal 66.42 59.95 56.76 53.56
Soy bean meal (44% CP) 26.29 23.62 22.27 20.92
Moringa meal 0 10 15 20
Dicalcium phosphate 1.69 1.70 1.70 1.70
Calcium carbonate 4.14 3.27 2.81 2.36
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
DL- methionine 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Premix1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Calculated nutrient contribution
Crude Protein 17 17 17 17
Metabolizable energy, Mj/kg 11.88 11.29 11.00 10.72
Available phosphorus, % 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
Total calcium, % 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Methionine + Cystine, % 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73
Lysine, % 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82
Threonine, % 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62
Tryptophan, % 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22
Crude fiber, % 2.55 3.59 4.12 4.64

1Premix: Vitamin supplement: vit. A, 10,000UI; vit. D3, 2,000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vit. B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg. Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt 0.75 mg

Individual liveweight of animals was controlled at 9 and 18 weeks of age, as well as weekly feed intake per repetition. A FWE digital balance was used for this, with a scale from 0 to 25 kg and accuracy of 0.001 g. Liveweight gain from 9 to 18 weeks of age and food conversion were calculated. At 18 weeks of age, tarsus length was measured.

Ten fowls were slaughtered per treatment at 18 weeks of age to determine the weight of liver, oviduct, ovary and abdominal fat, expressed in grams (g).

Experiment 2. At 19 weeks of age, hens of control and 20% of moringa treatments were placed in the laying unit to continue experiment 1 and analyze productive indicators at the beginning of laying peak at week 26. They were distributed according to a completely randomized design, at the rate of 2 hens per cage and 10 repetitions per treatment.

The cages used were 40 cm in the front by 41 cm deep. Food was offered in linear feeders, and water was provided at will in nipple drinkers (2 nipples/cage). An amount of 16 hours of light and eight hours of darkness was offered each day.

Diet composition in the stage from 19 to 26 weeks of age (beginning of production) is shown in table 4.

Table 4 Diets with 0 and 20 % of moringa forage meal during the stage of laying hens (19- 26 weeks) 

Raw matters for feedstuff and contributions Moringa forage meal (%)
0 20
Corn meal 57.75 44.77
Soy bean meal (44% CP) 27.92 22.55
Moringa meal - 20
Vegetal oil 2.30 2.30
Dicalcium phosphate 1.70 1.76
Calcium carbonate 8.86 7.15
Salt 0.25 0.25
DL- methionine 0.22 0.22
Premix1 1.00 1.00
Calculated nutrient contribution
Crude Protein 17 17
Metabolizable energy, MJ/kg 11.65 10.90
Available phosphorus, % 0.40 0.40
Total calcium, % 3.80 3.80
Methionine + Cystine, % 0.73 0.73
Lysine, % 0.86 0.85
Threonine, % 0.62 0.62
Tryptophan, % 0.21 0.22
Crude fiber, % 2.49 4.58

1Premix: Vitamin supplement: vit. A, 10,000UI; vit. D3, 2,000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vit. B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg. Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt 0.75 mg

Laying rate, feed intake per animal per day and egg weight were monitored. Yolk pigmentation was determined by Roche yolk color fan. Food needed for producing an egg was calculated.

For the statistical processing of results of both experiments, INFOSTAT, version 2012 (Di Rienzo et al. 2012) was used. To determine the differences between means, Duncan (1955) test was applied for P <0.05, in the necessary cases.

Covariate analysis was performed for the variables tarsus length, at the beginning and 18 weeks of age. Liveweight at 18 weeks of age, mean weight gain during the stage and conversion were determined. Initial weight was taken as concomitant variable.

Results and Discussion

Experiment 1. During the stage between 9 and 18 weeks of age, viability was high and superior to 96% in all treatments. This indicates that, at that stage, the inclusion of up to 20% of moringa forge meal in feed for replacement pullets does not generate high mortality, which coincides with reports of Valdivié et al. (2016). These authors reported that the use of 20% or higher levels of forage meal is assimilable in fowls.

Tables 5 and 6 show that the moringa meal levels evaluated did not affect liveweight nor liveweight gain at 18 weeks of age. Food intake during 9-18 weeks and food conversion showed no differences among treatments, nor for tarsal length in treatments.

This performance demonstrates that diets with moringa forage meal were able to meet the nutritional needs of White Leghorn L33 replacement pullets, between 9 and 18 weeks of age. According to Makkar and Becker (1997), these diets do not contain anti-nutritional substances at harmful levels. Cabrera et al. (2017) describe low amount of tannins in leaves, which allows a better use of nutrients by the animals that consume it.

Table 5 Liveweight at 18 weeks, intake between 9 and 18 weeks and tarsus length in replacement pullets 

Indicators Moringa forage meal (%) SE ± Sig.
0 10 15 20
Liveweight at 18 weeks, g 1269 1256 1237 1248 29 P=0.8854
Intake from 9 to 18 weeks, g 4238 4436 4504 4447 95 P=0.2453
Tarsus length, mm 89.19 88.42 89.34 88.40 0.57 P=0.5241

Table 6 Liveweight gain and conversion between 9 and 18 weeks in replacement pullets  

Indicators (from 9 to 18 weeks) Moringa forage meal (%) Sig. Treat. Sig. Covariable
0 10 15 20
Weight gain, g 591 ± 29 593 ± 30 564 ± 29 570 ± 29 P=0.8585 P=0.0236
Food conversion 7.27 ± 0.47 7.74 ± 0.48 8.09 ± 0.46 7.89 ± 0.47 P=0.6481 P=0.0386

In this study, regardless of the increase of crude fiber content in the diets used, it did not exceed 5%. Replacement pullets assimilated this contribution for their growth and development.

Table 7 shows that, at 18 weeks of age, there were no differences for the weights of liver, ovary and oviduct. This indicates that growth and development of the fowls were normal with diets containing up to 20% of moringa meal.

Table 7 Weights of liver, abdominal fat, oviduct and ovary in replacement pullets consuming diets with the inclusion of moringa forage meal 

Indicator Moringa forage meal (%) SE ± Sig.
0 10 15 20
Liver , g 27.44 26.44 26.67 24.56 1.93 P=0.7511
Abdominal fat, g 13.11b 8.56ab 3.33a 4.56a 2.05 P=0.0084
Oviduct, g 5.89 4.22 5.67 6.44 1.94 P=0.8694
Ovary, g 0.89 1.33 1.11 0.56 0.47 P=0.6881

a,b different letters in the same line indicate significant differences for P<0.05

According to Valdivié et al. (2016), abdominal fat deposition was reduced in the treatments with 15 and 20% of moringa meal compared to control (table 7). This is attributed to the lowest ME concentration in diets for replacement pullets with these moringa levels.

Experiment 2. In the 26th week of age, hens consuming 20% of moringa in the diet presented productive indicators similar to control treatment (table 8). Laying rate was above 90%, which indicates that hens at that age reached their laying peak (Rostagno et al. 2017). Intake was higher than control, which was perhaps a response to meet their energy needs, without deteriorating conversion (g of feed/egg).

Yolk pigmentation, at 26 weeks, was higher with 20% moringa meal in the diet. As stated by Abou-Elezz et al. (2011), Moyo et al. (2011), Tesfaye et al. (2014) and Valdivié et al. (2016), this is attributed to carotenoid pigments provided by moringa meal.

Table 8 Production indicators of laying hens consuming moringa forage meal (week 26 of age, beginning of laying peak) 

Indicators Moringa forage meal (%) SE ± Sig.
0 20
Laying, % 93.57 93.57 1.05 0.9999
Intake, g/animal/d 106 109 1 0.0480
g of feedstuff/egg 113 118 12 0.6740
Egg weight, g 49 50 1 0.3824
Yolk pigmentation 4 6 0.2 0.0001

Table 9 shows that animals consumed the amount of nutrients needed to meet their requirements according to NRC (1994). Even when hens consumed non-isoenergetic diets, the amount of nutrients was enough for maintaining the laying.

Table 9 Daily nutrient intake per animal 

Indicator Moringa forage meal (%)
0 20
Crude protein, g 18.02 18.53
Metabolizable energy, kcal 295 284
Crude fiber, g 2.64 4.99
Available phosphorus, mg 424 436
Total calcium, g 4.03 4.14
Methionine + cystine, mg 774 796
Lysine, mg 912 927
Threonine, mg 657 676
Tryptophan, mg 223 240

Conclusions

Experiment 1. For White Leghorn L33 replacement pullets, from 9 to 18 weeks of age, the use of up to 20% of Moringa oleifera forage meal in diets does not affect growth, productive performance nor development of ovaries and oviduct.

Experiment 2. In 19-week-old White Leghorn L33 laying hens, the use of 20% of Moringa oleifera forage meal in diets allows reaching the laying peak at 26 weeks of age.

References

Abou-Elezz, F.M.K., Sarmiento, L., Santos, R. & Solorio, F. 2011. “Nutritional effects of dietary inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera leaf meal on Rhode Island Red hens performance”. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(2): 163-169, ISSN: 2079-3480 [ Links ]

Alegbeleye, O.O. 2018. “How functional is Moringa Oleifera? A review of its nutritive, medicinal, and socioeconomic potential”. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 39(1): 149-170, ISSN: 0379-5721, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572117749814Links ]

AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 2007. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Ed. AOAC International, Maryland, USA [ Links ]

Ayssiwede, S.B., Dieng, A., Bello, H., Chrysostome, C., Hane, M.B., Mankor, A., Dahouda, M., Houinato, M.R., Hornick, J.L. & Missohou, A. 2011. “Effects of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaves meal incorporation in diets on growth performances, carcass characteristics and economics results of growing indigenous Senegal chickens”. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10(12): 1132-1145, ISSN: 1680-5194 [ Links ]

Bouali, O., Pérez, A., Guzmán, P., Mandalawi, H.A. & Mateos, G.G. 2013. “Efecto de la fuente y el nivel de fibra en pienso de pollitas durante la fase de recría sobre la productividad en puesta”. In: ITEA, XV Jornadas sobre Producción Animal, Tomo I, p. 222-224, Zaragoza, España [ Links ]

Cabrera, J.L., Jaramillo, C., Dután, F., Cun, J., García, P.A. & de Astudillo, L.R. 2017. “Variación del contenido de alcaloides, fenoles, flavonoides y taninos en Moringa oleifera Lam. en función de su edad y altura”. Bioagro, 29(1): 53-60, ISSN: 1316-3361 [ Links ]

Di Rienzo, J. A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M. G., González, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C. W. 2012. InfoStat version 2012 [Windows]. Grupo InfoStat, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Available: http://www.infostat.com.arLinks ]

Duncan, D.B. 1955. “Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests”. Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478Links ]

Ebenebe, C.I., Umegechi, C.O. & Nweze, B.O. 2012. “Comparison of haematological parameters and weight changes of broiler chicks fed different levels of Moringa oleifera diet.”. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 1(1): 23-25, ISSN: 2305-6622 [ Links ]

Gadzirayi, C.T., Masamha, B., Mupangwa, J.F. & Washaya, S. 2012. “Performance of broiler chickens fed on mature Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a protein supplement to soyabean meal”. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11(1): 5-10, ISSN: 1682-8356, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2012.5.10Links ]

Janssen, W. 1989. European table of energy values for poultry feedstuffs. 3rd Ed. Ed. Beekbergen, Spelderholt Center for Poultry Research and Information Services Netherlands, p. 15 [ Links ]

Kaijage, J.T., Mutayoba, S.K., Katule, A. & Kakengi, A.M.V 2014. “Relative effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal and molasses as additives in grain sorghum based diets on performance of growing chicks in Tanzania”. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(12), ISSN: 0121-3784, Available: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/12/kaij26220.htmlLinks ]

Kakengi, A.M.V, Kaijage, J.T., Sarwatt, S.V, Mutayoba, S.K., Shem, M.N. & Fujihara, T. 2007. “Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a substitute for sunflower seed meal on performance of laying hens in Tanzania”. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(8), ISSN: 0121-3784, Available: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/8/kake19120.htmLinks ]

Madalla, N., Agbo, N.W. & Jauncey, K. 2013. “Evaluation of aqueous extracted moringa leaf meal as a protein source for Nile Tilapia Juveniles”. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(1): 53-64 [ Links ]

Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. 1997. “Nutrients and antiquality factors in different morphological parts of the Moringa oleifera tree”. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 128(3): 311-322, ISSN: 1469-5146, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859697004292Links ]

Moyo, B., Masika, P.J., Hugo, A. & Muchenje, V. 2011. “Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves”. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(60): 12925-12933, ISSN: 1684-5315, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.1599Links ]

Mune, A., Nyobe, E.C., Bakwo, C. & Minka, S.R. 2016. “A comparison on the nutritional quality of proteins from Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds”. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1): 1-8, ISSN: 2331-1932, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1213618Links ]

NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 1994. 9th Rev. Ed. Ed. National Academic Press, Washington D.C., USA, p. 155, ISBN: 978-0-309-04892-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/2114Links ]

Olugbemi, T.S., Mutayoba, S.K. & Lekule, F.P. 2010. “Evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal inclusion in cassava chip based diets fed to laying birds”. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22(6), ISSN: 0121-3784, Available: https://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd22/6/olug22118.htmLinks ]

Rostagno, H.S., Albino, L.F., Hannas, H.I., Donzele, J.L., Sakomura, N.K., Perazzo, F.G., Saraiva, A., Teixeira, M.V., Rodríguez, P.B., Oliveira, R.F., Barreto, S.L., & Brito, C.O. 2017. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais. 4ta Edição. Ed. Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Brasil, p. 488 [ Links ]

Scott, M., Nesheim, M. & Young, R. 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. 3rd Ed. Ed. Humprey Press Genova, New York, USA, p. 562 [ Links ]

Tesfaye, E.B., Animut, G.M., Urge, M.L. & Dessie, T.A. 2014. “Cassava root chips and Moringa oleifera leaf meal as alternative feed ingredients in the layer ration”. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 23(4): 614-624, ISSN: 1056-6171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2013-00920Links ]

UECAN (Unión de Empresas del Combinado Avícola Nacional). 2013. Manual Tecnológico para la cría de aves. Ponedoras y sus reemplazos. 6th Ed. Ed. Ministerio de la Agricultura, La Habana, Cuba [ Links ]

Valdivié, M., Mesa, O. & Rodríguez, B. 2016. “Use of diets with Moringa oleifera (stems+ leaves) meals in laying hens”. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 50(3): 445-454, ISSN: 2079-3480 [ Links ]

Received: December 10, 2018; Accepted: September 02, 2019

*Email: omesa@ica.co.cu

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License